Download Daily Living Activities and Nutritional Requirements for Different Age Groups and more Schemes and Mind Maps Literature in PDF only on Docsity!
Dietary Reference Intakes
Definitions
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
• The EAR is the median daily intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy
individuals in a life-stage and gender group. At this level of intake, the other half of the individuals in the
specified group would not have their needs met.
• The EAR is based on a specific criterion of adequacy, derived from a careful review of the literature.
Reduction of disease risk is considered along with many other health parameters in the selection of that
criterion.
• The EAR is used to calculate the RDA. It is also used to assess the adequacy of nutrient intakes, and
can be used to plan the intake of groups.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
• The RDA is the average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of
nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in a particular life-stage and gender group.
• The RDA is the goal for usual intake by an individual.
Adequate Intake (AI)
• If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR on which to base an RDA, an AI is
derived instead.
• The AI is the recommended average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally
determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy
people who are assumed to be maintaining an adequate nutritional state.
• The AI is expected to meet or exceed the needs of most individuals in a specific life-stage and gender
group.
• When an RDA is not available for a nutrient, the AI can be used as the goal for usual intake by an
individual. The AI is not equivalent to an RDA.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
• The UL is the highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects
to almost all individuals in a given life-stage and gender group.
• The UL is not a recommended level of intake
• As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects increases.
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
• An EER is defined as the average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in
healthy, normal weight individuals of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity
consistent with good health. In children and pregnant and lactating women, the EER includes the needs
associated with growth or secretion of milk at rates consistent with good health.
• Relative body weight (i.e. loss, stable, gain) is the preferred indicator of energy adequacy.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
• The AMDR is a range of intake for a particular energy source (protein, fat, or carbohydrate), expressed
as a percentage of total energy (kcal), that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while
providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients.
UPDATED NOVEMBER 2010
Dietary Reference Intakes
Definitions
Total Fibre
• The sum of Dietary Fibre and Functional Fibre.
Dietary Fibre
• Non-digestible carbohydrates and lignin that are intrinsic and intact in plants.
• Dietary fibre includes plant non-starch polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose, pectin, gums, hemicellulose, β-
glucans, and fibres contained in oat and wheat bran), plant carbohydrates that are not recovered by
alcohol precipitation (e.g. inulin, oligosaccharides, and fructans), lignin, and some resistant starch.
Functional Fibre
• Isolated non-digestible carbohydrates that have been shown to have beneficial physiological effects in
humans.
• Functional fibre includes isolated non-digestible plant (e.g. resistant starch, pectin, and gums), animal
(e.g. chitin and chitosan), or commercially produced (e.g. resistant starch, polydextrose, polyols, inulin,
and indigestible dextrins) carbohydrate.
Physical Activity Level (PAL)
• The ratio of total energy expenditure to basal energy expenditure.
• The Physical Activity Level categories were defined as sedentary (PAL 1.0-1.39), low active (PAL 1.4-
1.59), active (PAL 1.6-1.89), and very active (PAL 1.9-2.5).
• Physical Activity Level should not be confused with the physical activity coefficients (PA values) used in
the equations to estimate energy requirement.
Vitamin E
• The requirement for vitamin E is based on the 2R -stereoisomeric forms of alpha-tocopherol only. This
includes RRR -alpha-tocopherol, which occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R -stereoisomeric forms
( RRR - , RSR - , RRS - , and RSS - forms) that occur in supplements and fortified foods ( all racemic
alpha-tocopherol). Other forms of vitamin E do not contribute toward meeting the requirement.
• Previously, vitamin E activity was reported in alpha-tocopherol equivalents (αTE), which included all
forms of vitamin E. Alpha-tocopherol equivalents should be converted to milligrams of alpha-
tocopherol.
• The UL for vitamin E applies to any isomeric form of supplemental alpha-tocopherol.
REFERENCES :
• Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997);
• Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic
Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998);
• Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000);
• Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron,
Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001);
• Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and
Amino Acids (2002);
• Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2004).
Available at www.nap.edu
Dietary Reference Intakes
Unit Conversion Factors
Vitamin A
1 RAE = 1 μg retinol = 3.33 IU retinol
For preformed vitamin A, 1 RE = 1 RAE.
Carotenoids
1 RAE = 12 μg beta-carotene
1 RAE = 24 μg alpha-carotene
1 RAE = 24 μg beta-cryptoxanthin
To calculate RAE from RE of provitamin A carotenoids in foods, divide RE by 2.
Vitamin D 1 μg = 40 IU
Vitamin E
1 mg alpha-tocopherol = 1.25 mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents (αTE)
1 mg alpha-tocopherol = 1.49 IU d -alpha-tocopherol (natural, RRR form)
1 mg alpha-tocopherol = 2.22 IU dl -alpha-tocopherol (synthetic, all racemic form)
Folate
1 DFE = 1 μg food folate
1 DFE = 0.6 μg folic acid from fortified food or from a supplement consumed with food
1 DFE = 0.5 μg folic acid from a supplement taken on an empty stomach
Niacin 1 NE = 1 mg niacin
1 NE = 60 mg tryptophan
Sodium
1 g sodium = 2.53 g salt
Height
1 inch = 0.0254 m
Weight 1 pound = 0.454 kg
Metric Units
1000 μg = 1 mg
1000 mg = 1 g
1000 g = 1 kg
Energy yield of
macronutrients
Carbohydrate = 4 kcal /g
Protein = 4 kcal /g
Fat = 9 kcal /g
Alcohol = 7 kcal /g
Dietary Reference Intakes
Equations to estimate energy requirement
Infants and young children
Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/day) = Total Energy Expenditure + Energy Deposition
0-3 months EER = (89 ¯ weight [kg] –100) + 175
4-6 months EER = (89 ¯ weight [kg] –100) + 56
7-12 months EER = (89 ¯ weight [kg] –100) + 22
13-35 months EER = (89 ¯ weight [kg] –100) + 20
Children and Adolescents 3-18 years
Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/day) = Total Energy Expenditure + Energy Deposition
Boys
3-8 years EER = 88.5 – (61.9 ¯ age [y]) + PA¯ { (26.7 ¯ weight [kg]) + (903 ¯ height [m]) } + 20
9-18 years EER = 88.5 – (61.9 ¯ age [y]) + PA¯ { (26.7 ¯ weight [kg]) + (903 ¯ height [m]) } + 25
Girls
3-8 years EER = 135.3 – (30.8 ¯ age [y]) + PA¯ { (10.0 ¯ weight [kg]) + (934 ¯ height [m]) } + 20
9-18 years EER = 135.3 – (30.8 ¯ age [y]) + PA¯ { (10.0 ¯ weight [kg]) + (934 ¯ height [m]) } + 25
Adults 19 years and older
Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/day) = Total Energy Expenditure
Men EER = 662 – (9.53 ¯ age [y]) + PA¯ { (15.91 ¯ weight [kg]) + (539.6 ¯ height [m]) }
Women EER = 354 – (6.91 ¯ age [y]) + PA¯ { (9.36 ¯ weight [kg]) + (726 ¯ height [m]) }
Pregnancy
Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/day) = Non-pregnant EER + Pregnancy Energy Deposition
st
trimester EER = Non-pregnant EER + 0
nd
trimester EER = Non-pregnant EER + 340
rd
trimester EER = Non-pregnant EER + 452
Lactation
Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/day) = Non-pregnant EER + Milk Energy Output – Weight Loss
0-6 months postpartum EER = Non-pregnant EER + 500 – 170
7-12 months postpartum EER = Non-pregnant EER + 400 – 0
These equations provide an estimate of energy requirement. Relative body weight (i.e. loss, stable, gain) is the preferred indicator of energy adequacy.
Physical Activity Coefficients (PA values) for use in EER equations
Sedentary
(PAL 1.0-1.39)
Low Active
(PAL 1.4-1.59)
Active
(PAL 1.6-1.89)
Very Active
(PAL 1.9-2.5)
Typical daily living
activities
(e.g., household tasks,
walking to the bus)
Typical daily living
activities
PLUS
30 - 60 minutes of daily
moderate activity
(ex. walking at 5-7 km/h)
Typical daily living
activities
PLUS
At least 60 minutes of
daily moderate activity
Typical daily living activities
PLUS
At least 60 minutes of daily
moderate activity
PLUS
An additional 60 minutes of
vigorous activity or 120 minutes of
moderate activity
Boys 3 - 18 y
Girls 3 - 18 y
Men 19 y +
Women 19 y +
Dietary Reference Intakes
Reference Values for Vitamins
Vitamin C
8
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
10
Vitamin B
Unit
mg/day
mg/day
mg/day
mg/day (NE)
mg/day
EAR
RDA/AI
UL
EAR
RDA/AI
UL
9
EAR
RDA/AI
UL
9
EAR
RDA/AI
UL
11
EAR
RDA/AI
UL
Infants
0-6 mo
7-12 mo
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
a
NDND
NDND
NDND
Children
1-3 y4-8 y
NDND
NDND
Males
9-13 y
14-18 y19-30 y31-50 y51-70 y
70 y
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDNDNDNDNDND
Females
9-13 y
14-18 y19-30 y31-50 y51-70 y
70 y
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDNDNDNDNDND
Pregnancy
< 18 y
19-30 y31-50 y
NDNDND
NDNDND
Lactation
< 18 y
19-30 y31-50 y
NDNDND
NDNDND
This table presents
Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in
bold type
and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*).
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. 8
Because smoking increases oxidative stress and metabolic turnover of vitamin C, the requirement for smokers is increased by 35 mg/day.
9
Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for thiamin and riboflavin. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes.
10
As Niacin Equivalents (NE). See conversion factors for more details.
11
The UL for niacin applies only to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two.
a
As preformed niacin, not NE, for this age group.
N
OTE
:
These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values.
Dietary Reference Intakes
Reference Values for Vitamins
Folate
12
Vitamin B
Pantothenic
Acid
Biotin
Choline
15
Unit
μg/day (DFE)
μg/day
mg/day
μg/day
mg/day
EAR
RDA/AI
UL
13
EAR
RDA/AI
UL
14
AI
UL
14
AI
UL
14
AI
UL
Infants
0-6 mo
7-12 mo
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
Children
1-3 y4-8 y
NDND
NDND
NDND
Males
9-13 y
14-18 y19-30 y31-50 y51-70 y
70 y
d
d
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDNDNDNDNDND
Females
9-13 y
14-18 y19-30 y31-50 y51-70 y
70 y
b
b
b
d
d
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDNDNDNDNDND
Pregnancy
< 18 y
19-30 y31-50 y
c
c
c
NDNDND
NDNDND
NDNDND
Lactation
< 18 y
19-30 y31-50 y
NDNDND
NDNDND
NDNDND
This table presents
Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in
bold type
and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*).
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. 12
As Dietary Folate Equivalents (DFE). See conversion factors for more details.
13
The UL for folate applies only to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two.
14
Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin B12, pantothenic acid or biotin. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes.
15
Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met byendogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
b
In view of evidence linking the use of supplements containing folic acid before conception and during early pregnancy with reduced risk of neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all womencapable of becoming pregnant take a supplement containing 400μg of folic acid every day, in addition to the amount of folate found in a healthy diet.
c
It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg folic acid from supplements until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care. The critical time for formation of the neural tube isshortly after conception.
d
Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound vitamin B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet the RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with vitamin B12 or a supplement containing vitamin B12.
N
OTE
:
These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values.
Dietary Reference Intakes
Reference Values for Elements
Iron
18
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorus
Unit
mg/day
mg/day
mg/day
μg/day
mg/day
mg/day
EAR
RDA/AI
UL
EAR
RDA/AI
UL
19
AI
UL
EAR
RDA/AI
UL
AI
UL
EAR
RDA/AI
UL
Infants
0-6 mo
7-12 mo
ND6.
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
Children
1-3 y4-8 y
NDND
Males
9-13 y
14-18 y19-30 y31-50 y51-70 y
70 y
NDNDNDNDNDND
Females
9-13 y
14-18 y19-30 y31-50 y51-70 y
70 y
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
NDNDNDNDNDND
Pregnancy
< 18 y
19-30 y31-50 y
NDNDND
Lactation
< 18 y
19-30 y31-50 y
NDNDND
This table presents
Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in
bold type
and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*).
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. 18
The requirement for iron is 1.8 times higher for vegetarians due to the lower bioavailability of iron from a vegetarian diet.
19
The UL for magnesium represents intake from a pharmacological agent only and does not include intake from food and water.
e
For the EAR and RDA, it is assumed that girls younger than 14 years do not menstruate and that girls 14 years and older do menstruate. It is assumed that women 51 years and older are post-menopausal.
N
OTE
:
These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values.
Dietary Reference Intakes
Reference Values for Elements
Selenium
Silicon
20
Vanadium
22
Zinc
23
Potassium
24
Sodium
25
Chloride
26
Sulfate
27
Unit
μg/day
N/A
mg/day
mg/day
mg/day
mg/day
mg/day
N/A
EAR
RDA/AI
UL
AI
UL
21
AI
UL
EAR
RDA/AI
UL
AI
UL
21
AI
UL
AI
UL
AI
UL
21
Infants
0-6 mo
7-12 mo
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
ND2.
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
Children
1-3 y4-8 y
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
NDND
Males
9-13 y
14-18 y19-30 y31-50 y51-70 y
70 y
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDND1.81.81.81.
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDNDNDNDNDND
Females
9-13 y
14-18 y19-30 y31-50 y51-70 y
70 y
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDND1.81.81.81.
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDNDNDNDNDND
NDNDNDNDNDND
Pregnancy
< 18 y
19-30 y31-50 y
NDNDND
NDNDND
NDNDND
NDNDND
NDNDND
NDNDND
NDNDND
Lactation
< 18 y
19-30 y31-50 y
NDNDND
NDNDND
NDNDND
NDNDND
NDNDND
NDNDND
NDNDND
This table presents
Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in
bold type
and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). Tolerable Upper
Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. 20
Although silicon has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding silicon to supplements.
21
Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for silicon, potassium, and sulfate. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes.
22
Although vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding vanadium to food and vanadium supplements should be used with caution. The UL is based onadverse effects in laboratory animals and this data could be used to set a UL for adults but not children and adolescents.
23
The requirement for zinc may be as much as 50 percent greater for vegetarians, particularly for strict vegetarians whose major food staples are grains and legumes, due to the lower bioavailability of zinc from avegetarian diet.
24
The beneficial effects of potassium appear to be mainly from the forms of potassium found naturally in foods such as fruits and vegetables. Supplemental potassium should only be provided under medical supervisionbecause of the well-documented potential for toxicity.
25
Grams of sodium
2.53 = grams of salt.
26
Sodium and chloride are normally found in foods together as sodium chloride (table salt). For this reason, the AI and UL for chloride are set at a level equivalent on a molar basis to those for sodium, since almost alldietary chloride comes with sodium added during processing or consumption of foods.
27
An AI for sulfate was not established because sulfate requirements are met when dietary intakes contain recommended levels of sulfur amino acids (protein).
N
OTE
:
These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values.
Dietary Reference Intakes
Reference Values for Macronutrients
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)
Total Carbohydrate
Total Protein
Total Fat
n-6 polyunsaturated
fatty acids
(linoleic acid)
n-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acids
α
-linolenic acid)
Males & Females
34
Percent of Energy
Percent of Energy
Percent of Energy
Percent of Energy
Percent of Energy
35
1-3 years
4-18 years
19 years and over
34
Includes pregnant and lactating women.
35
Up to 10% of the AMDR can be consumed as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
Additional Macronutrient Recommendations
Saturated fatty acidsTrans fatty acidsDietary cholesterol
As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet
Added sugars
g
Limit to no more than 25% of total energy
A UL was not set for saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, dietary cholesterol, or added sugars. g
Added sugars are defined as sugars and syrups that are added to foods during processing or preparation. Although there were insufficient data to set a UL for added sugars, this maximal intake level is suggested toprevent the displacement of foods that are major sources of essential micronutrients.
Protein Quality Scoring Pattern (age 1 year and older)
Recommended pattern
Amino Acid
mg/g protein
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine + Cysteine
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
Reference amino acid pattern for use in evaluating the quality of foodproteins using the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS).Based on Estimated Average Requirements for both indispensable aminoacids and for total protein for 1-3 year olds.
Physical Activity Recommendation
To prevent weight gain and accrue additional health benefits of physicalactivity,
60 minutes of daily moderate intensity activity
is
recommended in addition to the activities required by a sedentary lifestyle.This amount of physical activity leads to an “active” lifestyle.
