Differential Equations, Lecture notes of Mathematics

A differential equation is a mathematical equation that relates a function to its derivatives, which represent rates of change. They are used to model real-world phenomena in fields like physics, engineering, and biology, and their solutions are functions, not single numbers. Key aspects include types (ordinary vs. partial), order, degree, and different methods for finding solutions, which can be general (with arbitrary constants) or particular (when given initial or boundary conditions

Typology: Lecture notes

2025/2026

Available from 10/15/2025

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, | ~ [— +|Ys fGQd) is ac given. function __D|_ Dependent variable eee “Differential paren ewe Combai, Independent variable | Difkerentidble metficic gli iiel a’ Contato} ____*| Order : Higher order differential efficient contain in differential equation js_said to be order of Differential equabons 2 Degree: Rwer of higher order differential equations . Ch Lifnidicl utione , differential cucbficiek aust leis be in. Geypamial) Write order and degees of given differential meficients | ry (Cay \, 3(_wy\ + hy= Q Order = 2 5 Degree = 1 ; i dz J Ley “599 {sey - aay + 3y =O Ovler = 2; Degrees 1 Cs) Coby ys 32k ty Ws 2y= x =0 Order =3 ; Dewees 4 » : TANG RAED, | : 2 he 2 od y = 2A sin 3% — y= 2axr+b dot g des vi « fad) fae Lay = 20 re 2A sin +8 2 xX d?y 0 dy (x 2) dy Ji dé 24 dx? dx? edhe] de / dt fad : — == dy + dtew’ dy 2 24 ) ly'> 2cx+2eJe Liex® du wih det (fit = y"= 2cx+ 2¢-4e —@ = ig + Go?) dy =/24K dydy = 20 pm dx love 7 m =(_dy wa diy \—2 vy + -x)-0 | iia =Cc-—® dx dx? dic? Ea = dy xd 2x dys Gady =o | dx + dit de® dé C4-a7) d’y - ax dy - dy <0 dat du? dx. — ———— Tees ba 7 ii Sela a ce Ct nl _Salution 2s Re hile aes Pd gin ining al x gm tales rere + | Required quai ny = = cam cag ee ep. ho bya ¢ a) dx 2a: a a a £2 2x = 4ay - hace + Again differentiating wrt x’ - x fray — 2% +: Cofebac,)=0 dy ~ oO] de? ___+ [Diferenioking bah cides tart.” yteo ] | 2x- trai dy —2¢) =O . ll dx xb | i. Coed 2a_dy - GQ= dx Ice 4. ‘ Sdution: | J 4-00 + J4-y"= a Gey) fuk x= sin@s y= sin @. A => | V4 srt, + [4- sit =0 (cin Gr-cin& ) | os 81 + Os O& =a Coin om sin€.) tos_ 6:+82 os 8, ape, ie o2 \( as pfe\ u Be alan 9220 aap R ~ 2 Gos 9) 62 = A Sin O1- Oo 2 2 6-82 < 6m 7 = 4 => ton 6 4 : Biz 84 a 2 a tLe a Mot wit F Ss § Page No YOUVA Types of _Differental Euations a ; Vaviale_/ Seperable Homageneous EE kee Differential equations Differential equations .- Differential equations «| Noviable _/ Seperable differential equations General form: Geneval_selution : F000) dau + 9G) dy =0 f £O0 dx _+ f q Gy) dy = Olx Gry acty Guy 20 s — Chey “dat y Go Jdy= o—® 5 4 log. Ctx) GtyD=c, ___[erentioting by _ Cex) Cary 2G) he ty Cie) fl ° _ boy Carol) + leq. Ctty®) = 20« Cad) Chey? em Cry?) i - xX dx +_y dy =0 log Gtx®) CoryD= 7 dex" dag? (C140 Crt yd" _€ (x! de dif dy = Chto) Cir y*) =k | J tot ] ify? ary ; 1 [ x_dv+ ify dy=c A 2 dt 2d dey" a is Al k : | ' J Tce 3. | a Slution : C 24 sinz) - dy = —@S% fide 2=0 yed ; a Cyt) dx log, 2 +109 C2+ sin 0) =C ) b _ I dy 2 (teen \ de log. 2 + ogg 2=C 2 4 } yet 2+ sinx_/ C= 2 log 2= loa, 4 v f dy ~ =f sn de vl i _| i yr 2+ dine log, Gut) by Greine li | log, Cy+4) = ~log Carsinx) 4¢ “Rus E log Ges ly (24 sinx)=c log, Cy+1) + lon, Colin =). log, 4 log, Gt) + lye = = log, 4 : los, (y+) = log, + yt it Per Sz i ome ous] -E— Cae) Sengont _ = F_= | tenet of Nema Hep) + longiht Bw Yu. 4s = N Subnermal 8g Find the equation of curve passing_through G,2) Soe wish: crpatek of kenge — tk pe ee ia! ja Equation of King ent is y= i dy Gx) dx | fuk H=O ita ys fold Mis the midpoint of PQ. y ¢ yoy = =m dy" Y= ay Cx) Ay + =H a 29 du dx 2 ys W-%y_dy ayy da 2 2% A+X-y de 0 BS Ul a _ if dx Mt dy. be dy. Ho, Yu-%y dy \ He X= yi dy 24-1 dy . 0 Yt dx_ = 2x, vi dx A dx dy dy vy, Quy: dy 0) Vide = 2% | de = 2 dy dy J dy { x eY> cm mi nf

Azd —__|xXdy 2 dv -v fits 450 = A484 C => BEC-2 | dx d-v" 3 fut v= 1 => 0 =2A48-C => B-C=-2 4 ____|x_dy = 2v= vty Bag; C2-2 | dx. 1-v* \ 4 \ 4 x dk = =, Ayres kg, Grekyet) | A fad \i by oe G3) ( 4 dx] 4-3 ack io. come Solution : 7 = Sinn te ex” MA @=4 _ ! de -d +44) > Ge (anne [ cin3xdx a fe™ dat Sitde 3 3 Jae] a y.@)=0 => O= 44+ > G=-4 fy -aiosmeer a6 é 3 3 J dy= ad 4 fs ax dy + Sette s fat ys —_ sin 3x en + uty Cyn 4 Co q 42 Beate GPRISEICHS Solution + yo u's) = 2kyy 4 ‘ leg. (4. leg, Git) + log 2 | a he ee NBD Tene ote ell : 4 aee4 log, ee : is web [& bi Kd as F ail dy = 3 G41) hee |= lege G4) +C dx / _ dy = 3x dx 43de _ a at X=0 fays a faMdae thy E Ms, Le 3] |_| — fo} | Linear -Diffaential Ejualions E+} General form + oo PO y = QO) ___ FE Thegration factor co: oo | Genal cantons G)G.FD= (Cr) 6) deve I: Greseral farm = s+ (QD 4= acy) y see x= smnxtec solution. te Siege son factoy CIF) = Pucaae 7” . General _sdulion - y » (oF) = = fC LE) G ay) se _ : sy: feat Cane) y_= osx. |e dt = ea) eres fanadz loge REX | da PCa) da Tree =e =_secx| 4° Tnkegration (ar)-e I _ l = Factor Pa ian Geeeal_, Cy) Cx): = Sent» S.SE)-{ Gs de dus Goulet > OG: [an at QQ) dae: dus ¢ Gdubon | Soluien ae re exe ([(mxJotxhic |g dy yew pee T _ co ve | yisecm = } goede 7 TF = =O =e _ Geneval_: G60 = J GOOD dure _ an To omaky het O ice ms) im Aya fs. * Ky f : Yo kyo ey de ye |e Ne ay Ge) ay. (nts. _— OA a ital ly Jot oak i 1 => 0a=ky-0° ee ee ad , es = come A as : Ys Scene A Gren | 1 a oe a ee SOT 4 CURVES (C3 ER ac ' dey Gen) 260 t= Oo) QQ) . Pak. y zt a da aan : eu) yo dy 2 dk a He) i dn = ' od ha | ui a E Ci-n) 1 dy = dt t 7 __! nd co du oe Caen ar a 7k ati n i f\ , | /_—— Morowitr ss ami | 2. + log, 2 Cog2) > du stu = 90) du de ad Ziqz. = Fion 9, - — du , tus 7 y e+ 4 PAC 2). 2 [a Co bts K al dz 441 241-0 _ arrears crea 2 (logz) dx (a2) oH fs 1 tae Po Ae Cog 2) = =U | FS , eee a (gz) Ce nae Geneval_: ‘1 eli! 3 Awe =. 1 dz = du ag Ba xt Z Cogz)" de de Fcalinn Differential equations (dy - dy Cems e Jeino dx a de a TE yl Ss | an 2 Seatac aie Ce’ eo” oT ie -@") dy Be er pel dx Wo 24k | arora. dy. a ia _— 224 Se ts sane os etc] f y= -e 46 ah ey eis.) Chet ee ee = yp) te a es dx x a Ss 02, 1, eye ly Nl ty oe a P| gee _ — cs x” J oe 3 =. -& “x. #- = * pete ne Ceres Clog cx) G Fa 7 ee = log a- 1 es ae il ea (log cx)” a a