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Disaster Managment notes for 3rd year, Study notes of Science education

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical UniversityScience education

disaster managment introduction

Typology: Study notes

2019/2020

Uploaded on 04/02/2020

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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Module- 1
Hazard and disaster
Introduction to disaster management
Disaster management can be defined as the organization and management of responses
and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular
preparedness, response and recovery in order to reduce the impact of disaster.
Disaster management in India
• India has been traditionally vulnerable to the natural disasters on the account of its
unique geo-climatic conditions.
• Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides would have been a recurrent
phenomenon.
• About 59% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40
million area is prone to floods; about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones and
69% of the area is susceptible to drought.
• In the decade 1990-2000, an average of about 4344 people lost their lives and
about 30 million people were affected by disasters every year.
• The Disaster Management Act, 2005 (23 December 2005), was passed by the Rajya
Sabha on 28 November, and by the Lok Sabha, on 12 December 2005. It received the
assent of The President of India on 9 January 2006.
• The Act calls for the establishment of National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA), with the Prime Minister of India as chairperson. The NDMA may have no
more than nine members including a Vice-Chairperson.
• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is an agency of the Ministry of
Home Affairs whose primary purpose is to coordinate response to natural or man-
made disasters and for capacity-building in disaster resiliency and crisis response.
Disaster
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a
community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses
that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources. Though
often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins.
(VULNERABILITY+ HAZARD ) / CAPACITY = DISASTER
A disaster occurs when a hazard impacts on vulnerable people.
The combination of hazards, vulnerability and inability to reduce the potential negative
consequences of risk results in disaster.
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Module- 1 Hazard and disaster Introduction to disaster management Disaster management can be defined as the organization and management of responses and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to reduce the impact of disaster. Disaster management in India

  • India has been traditionally vulnerable to the natural disasters on the account of its unique geo-climatic conditions.
  • Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides would have been a recurrent phenomenon.
  • About 59% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million area is prone to floods; about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones and 69% of the area is susceptible to drought.
  • In the decade 1990-2000, an average of about 4344 people lost their lives and about 30 million people were affected by disasters every year.
  • The Disaster Management Act, 2005 (23 December 2005), was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 28 November, and by the Lok Sabha, on 12 December 2005. It received the assent of The President of India on 9 January 2006.
  • The Act calls for the establishment of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), with the Prime Minister of India as chairperson. The NDMA may have no more than nine members including a Vice-Chairperson.
  • National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is an agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs whose primary purpose is to coordinate response to natural or man- made disasters and for capacity-building in disaster resiliency and crisis response. Disaster A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins. (VULNERABILITY + HAZARD ) / CAPACITY = DISASTER A disaster occurs when a hazard impacts on vulnerable people. The combination of hazards, vulnerability and inability to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk results in disaster.

Various types of disasters Broadly disaster is classified into two categories:

  1. Natural disaster: A natural disaster is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year.
  2. Man-made disaster: Human-instigated disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards. Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, spills, nuclear/nuclear radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category. Other types of man-made disasters include the more cosmic scenarios of catastrophic global warming, nuclear war, and bioterrorism. Hazards A hazard is an agent which has the potential to cause harm to a vulnerable target. A hazard is any agent that can cause harm or damage to humans, property, or the environment. Classification of hazard Hazards can be classified as different types in several ways. Based on energy source
  • Biological hazard: viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites etc.
  • Chemical hazard: gases, alcohol, nicotine etc.
  • Physical hazard: cancer, skin burn, tissues damage etc by x-rays, solar radiations etc.

Based on origin

  • Natural hazards: Threat by volcanoes, earthquakes, flood, tsunami etc.
  • Anthropogenic hazards: Hazards due to human behaviour and activity. Accidents, industrial explosion and chemical hazard.
  • Technological hazards: Hazards due to technology, and therefore a sub-class of anthropogenic hazards.

Tsunami

  • A tsunami or tidal wave , also known as a seismic sea wave , is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.
  • Cause: The cause of a tsunami is the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea. This displacement of water is usually generated by either earthquake, landslides, volcanic eruptions, glacier calving or more rarely by meteorites and nuclear tests. The waves formed in this way are then sustained by gravity.
  • Effect: The effects of the tsunami range from destruction and damage, death, injury, millions of dollars in financial loss, and long-lasting psychological problems for the inhabitants of the region.
  • Mitigation: Japan, where tsunami science and response measures first began following a disaster in 1896, has produced ever-more elaborate countermeasures and response plans. The country has built many tsunami walls of up to 12 metres ( 39 ft) high to protect populated coastal areas. Other localities have built floodgates of up to 15.5 metres (51 ft) high and channels to redirect the water from an incoming tsunami. Cyclone
  • a cyclone is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong centre of low atmospheric pressure. Cyclones are characterized by inward spiralling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure.
  • A tropical cyclone is an intense low-pressure area or a whirl in the atmosphere over tropical or sub-tropical waters, with organised convection (i.e. thunderstorm activity) and winds at low levels, circulating either anti-clockwise (in the northern hemisphere) or clockwise (in the southern hemisphere).
  • Mitigation:
  1. gather emergency supplies for your home and car.
  2. Never ignore an order to evacuate.
  3. Avoid driving through flooded areas and standing water. Turn around, don’t drown.
  4. Check your carbon monoxide detector. Place generator and any gasoline-powered engine outside at least 20 feet from any window, door, or vent. Flood
  • A flood is an overflow of water on land but it is not a flood without a beaver dam[1][2]
  • Sometimes a water resource (river, lake or pond) gets flushed with too much water. usually heavy rain sometimes causes floods. When there is too much water, it may overflow beyond its normal limits.
  • Causes: Flooding is usually caused by a volume of water within a water body, such as a lake, overflowing. Sometimes a dam breaks, suddenly releasing a large amount of water. The result is that some of the water travels to land, and 'floods' the area. Many rivers are in a channel, between river banks. They flood when the strength of the river causes it to flow beyond the banks.
  • Effects: Floods can have devastating consequences and can have effects on the economy, environment and people. Economical: problems caused by floods Economic. During floods (especially flash floods), roads, bridges, farms, houses and automobiles are destroyed. People become homeless. Environmental: The environment also suffers when floods happen. Chemicals and other hazardous substances end up in the water and eventually contaminate the water bodies that floods end up in.
  • Mitigation: the flood mitigation involves the management and control of flood water movement, such as redirecting flood run-off through the use of floodwalls and flood gates, rather than trying to prevent floods altogether. Sea / Coastal Defence Walls Retaining walls Town planning Vegetation Landslides
  • A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.
  • Landslides are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity.
  • The term "landslide" encompasses five modes of slope movement: falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows. These are further subdivided by the type of geologic material (bedrock, debris, or earth). Debris flows (commonly referred to as mudflows or mudslides) and rock falls are examples of common landslide types.
  • Cause: The causes of landslides are usually related to instabilities in slopes. It is usually possible to identify one or more landslide causes and one landslide trigger. Natural Causes of Landslides _1. Climate
  1. Earthquakes
  2. Weathering
  3. Erosion
  4. Volcanoes_

Module – 2 Case studies

  1. Earthquake: India
  • 26 January 2001 Gujrat earthquake: 7.7 magnitude, killed 20k people.
  • 1991 utarkashi or garhwal earthquake: 6.8 magnitude, killed 786 people.
  • 1906 kangra earthquake: 7.8 magnitude, killed 20k people. International
  • Valdivia, Chile, 22 May 1960: 9.5 magnitude, killed 1658 people
  • Sendai, Japan, 11 March 2011 : 9 magnitude, killed 10 k people
  • Assam, Tibet, 15 August 1950 : 8.6 magnitude, killed 780 people 2. Tsunami India - 2004 Indian ocean tsunami and earthquake International - Sumatra, Indonesia – 26 December 2004. - North Pacific Coast, Japan – 11 March 201 1 - Northern Chile – 13 August 1868.
  1. Cyclone India
  • Cyclone Fani – 2019
  • Cyclone Hudhud – 2014
  • Cyclone Titli – 2018 International
  • Typhoon Nancy (1961): west pacific
  • Typhoon amy (1971): west pacific
  1. Floods India
  • August 2017 Nepal and India floods
  • August 2018 Kerala Flood International
  • 1974 Bangladesh Flood
  • 1911 Jiangsu-Anhui Flood (china)
  1. Landslide: India
  • Guwahati landslide, Assam: The landslide took place on September 18, 1948 due to heavy rains. Over 500 people died in the landslide and according to the reports, the landslide buried an entire village
  • Malpa landslide, Uttarakhand: Consecutives landslides occurred between August 11 and August 17 in 1998 in the village of Malpa where over 380 people died as the entire village washed away in the landslide. The landslide is one of the worst landslides in India International
  • 1911 - Tadzhik Republic - 2,000,000,000 cubic meters of material - 54 killed
  • 1919 - Indonesia - 185 square kilometres of material - 5,110 killed
  • 1920 - China - unknown volume - 100,000 killed

Disaster Management involves planning what to do before, during and after a disaster or emergency occurs. Through further understanding these hazards, and assessing a structure’s behaviour to them, we can better prepare for disasters. A risk-informed, performance-based approach exists offering opportunities to better understand objectives, identify credible hazards and develop alternatives that allow stakeholders (owners, government, etc.) to make risk-informed decisions as to how best protect heritage and meet disaster mitigation objectives. This approach provides tremendous value including:

  • Preserving our heritage
  • Embrace local heritage, resources, and methodologies
  • Limit damage and aesthetic impact
  • Cost-effective solutions
  • Maintain functionality of sites
  • Enhance life safety Planning for disasters in advance significantly reduces damage to tangible and intangible heritage, including historic sites, structures and their collections.
  • A National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) has been constituted in the Cabinet Secretariat.
  • A National Crisis Management Committee is a temporary committee set up by the Government of India in the wake of a natural calamity for effective coordination and implementation of relief measures and operations.
  • It is headed by Secretary. On the constitution of such a committee, the Agriculture Secretary shall provide all necessary information to and seek directions.
  • A National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) has been constituted in the Cabinet Secretariat. Crisis management is the process by which an organization deals with a disruptive and unexpected event that threatens to harm the organization or its stakeholders.[1]^ The study of crisis management originated with large-scale industrial and environmental disasters in the 1980s. It is considered to be the most important process in public relations.