Discourse Analysis theories, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Linguistics

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DISCOURSE

ANALYSIS

P R O F : FA T M A I S M A E L

H E B A M O S TA FA

R A N A E S S A M

S A L M A M E D H AT

K H O L O U D M O H S E N

J I H A D K H A L E D

S A R A A L A A

A ' A S H A M O S TA FA

• (^) For example, if I want someone to write me a recommendation letter I'll ask him to write it for me because I find him the perfect person or because he's familiar with my work or because I find him an expert. The negative face is where people want to be free From imposition. They want autonomy to make free choices because when someone is able to impose on us and take our choices away , that diminishes us and lowers our position socially. So now, negative politeness is used to protect negative face needs like telling someone I'm sure you're very very busy or stay free to say no , I know the deadline may not work for you and so on. We need both faces to feel satisfied , so if I wanted to ask that person to help me I'd say " I'd like to ask you if you could write me a recommendation letter because you are familiar with my work ,I know you must be very busy but I find you an expert.

GRICE AND THE CO- OPERATIVE PRINCIPLE Grice (1975), a philosopher of linguistics explains how did the participants in the conversation interact. He explained that the participants in conversation obeyed four maxims: (Grice's maxims)

• (^) 1-Be true (the maxim of quality)
• (^) 2- Be brief (that is, don't talk too much or too little) (the maxim of quantity).
• (^) 3- Be relevant (the maxim of relevance).
• (^) 4- Be clear (the maxim of manner).

GRICE’S COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE

• (^) Are Grice’s maxims that important?
• (^) It is generally about cooperate with on another when two people speak they use presupposition that people want to cooperate when they exchange meaning.

COORDINATION IS REGULATED BY MAXIMS

OF CONVERSATION

• (^) Quality maxims : Tell the truth
• (^) How old are you?
• (^145)
• Quantity maxim : Give maximum information with minimum effort 😉
• (^) How old are you?
• (^) Oh what a nice question well my age is 1+1+1+2+3+
• (^) Relation maxim : Be relevant and act accordingly
• (^) How old are you?
• (^) I like cheese cake
• (^) Manner maxim : Be clear and not obscured
• (^) How old are you?
• (^) Am I 20 years old or 243 months old ?? And when does life began anyway?

CARTER AND MCCARTHY

• (^) Carter and McCarthy (1997) explain that the recounting of personal experience is collaboratively constructed, listeners do a lot of work, adding their own evaluations, asking for more details, helping the teller to finish the story.
• (^) That what this unit discusses_ conversation 'participants help each other in construction of conversation and used different techniques to direct the conversation.
• (^) They co-operate by making contribution in telling the stories, evaluations, agreements and disagreements, finishing off each other' s utterances.

• (^) All of that show closeness and co-operation then getting successful conversation.
• (^) Co-operative conversations are achieved by methods or techniques which influenced by the role or the statues of the speakers. EX: if the conversation is a chat show program on T. V, one of the speakers controls the conversation (chat show host) and direct it through the use of questions, pauses, emphasize and her guests will give her speaker support by answering the questions.
• (^) If all speakers / participants accept the used techniques / method in the conversation, this is a co-operative conversation.