Network Systems & Types: P2P, Cloud, Client-Server, LAN, WAN, PAN, MAN, IEEE Standards, Lecture notes of Mathematics

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Activity 01

1. Network System 1.1 Peer-to-Peer 1.2 Cloud 1.3 Client Server 1.4 Local area network
2. lEEE Standards
3. Recommendation

Activity 01 Network System Network System is a group or System of interconnected computers to share information and distributed processing task. The Connection can be established by using either cable media or wireless media. Each network includes hardware and software that connects computer and devices. Computer network basic of communication in IT. (Williams, 2021)^1 Peer-to-Peer Network In the most basic sense, a peer-to-peer network is a simple network where each computer doubles as a node and a server for the files it holds exclusively. These are like a home network or an office network. However, when P2B networks are installed on the Internet, the size of the network and the available files allow a greater amount of data to be shared. Early P2P networks such as Napster used client software and a central server, while later networks such as GAZA and BitTorrent were partitioned between multiple nodes to free the bandwidth, leaving the central server. Peer-to-peer networks are commonly associated with cyber theft and illegal file-sharing. Today no one enjoys P2P usage or network exclusive dominance. Popular P2P networks include eDonkey, BitTorrent, Gnutella. (james cope, 2002)^2

Cloud Computing Cloud sells services to anyone on the Internet. A private cloud is a data center that provides services hosted to a limited number of people, with a proprietary network or specific access and access systems. Cloud infrastructure includes the hardware and software components needed to properly implement a cloud computing model. These services are divided into three main categories:

1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
3. Software as a service (SaaS (wesly chai, 2020)^3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud computing ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Reduce Infrastructure Costs Moving from cloud to on-premise is not easy Impact to personal Limited control Consolidate the data Vendor lock-in Increase Automation Slower back-up and restores Save on space Internet Reliance Maximize uptime Heavy use of internet reduce the performance Defend against to data lost disaster

Client – Server The client server network is defined as a specific type of online network that consists of a single central computer that acts as a server that runs multiple computers, referred to as clients. By accessing the server, client can access shared files and information stored on the server. A client server model can be implemented on a single computer system, but it is commonly used on a variety of platforms. (ashley donohoe, 2019)^4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Client Sever ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Necessary information’s are placed in a single location Need a specialized network manager to maintain the server Data is well protected Lack on the side of robustness Highly Scalable Can be expensive to purchase Easy to manage files Traffic congestion Clients able to access the system Not possible to directly print document or edit any information’s on the client hard disk drive

 1. Ethernet LAN (Wired Connection) Ethernet LAN uses Ethernet cables to connect the devices in a network. In this type of connection, the network installation is wired and the Switches and Routers are configured using the network settings. Involves a hardwired connection to the internet by Ethernet cables (Cat5, Cat6 and so on). Ethernet is more stable and secure and faster than Wi-Fi. It is less accessible and expensive. (Unuth Nadeem, 2021)^6

2. WLAN (Wireless) WLAN uses High Frequency Radio Waves as the means of communication over short distance. It does not require traditional network cables to connect the devices. WLAN can contain several types of devices such as Mobile phones, Laptop and tablet computers, Internet audio systems, other internet-enabled home devices. It is commonly used in offices and homes. WLAN is highly flexible , low cost and users are free to move within the coverage range. It is difficult to setup , easy to hack and transmission speed slower than wired network (wikipidea contributers, 2019)^7 Advantages of LAN i. Resource Sharing :- Easy to share resource such as hard disk drives, DVD drives and Printers ii. Software Sharing :- Easy to share software (No need to purchase individual license for each and every computer) iii. Convenient Communication :- Users can exchange messages and data in a convenient way iv. Centralized Data :- Data of the users are located at the centralized serve v. Improved Security :- It can be guaranteed to be secure vi. Internet Sharing :- Has the capability to share internet connection among all the LAN users Disadvantages of LAN i. Implementation Cost :- The initial cost involved in setting up the network is quite high ii. Policy Violation :- Unauthorized users can view all the browsing history and downloads of all the connected computers. iii. Maintenance :- Often faces hardware problems and system failure

iv. Area Coverage :- usually made to cover up a limited distance (up to 10km). v. Malware Spreading :- Appearance of virus in LAN based on infrastructure is highly dangerous Wide Area Network (WAN) The world largest WAN is internet. Internet connects many smaller local area networks (LAN) metro area networks (MAN). It can be said WAN is a combination of LAN and MAN. (taiwo amao, 2021)^8 Types of WAN technologies i. Packet switching ii. TCP/IP protocol suite iii. Router iv. Overlay network v. Packet over SONET/SDH (PoS) vi. MPLS vii. ATM viii. Frame Relay Advantages and Disadvantages of WAN

Advantages and Disadvantages of PAN ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES No extra space, cable and wire requires. PAN can be operated in less range of areas Data can Synchronize between different devices Infrared signals travel only in a straight line Connect to many devices at a time Can only be used for personal area Affordable Cost Slow data transfer Easy to use Interfere with radio signals: Secure Metropolitan Area Network A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that usually covers a city or a large campus. A MAN network is optimal for a larger geographical area than a LAN, from multiple buildings to entire cities. The purpose of the is to provide a long-term connection to the Internet. The primary use of metropolitan networks is a customer with high potential needs in a metropolitan area. A man's aim is to provide the required capacity at a lower cost and higher efficiency than to receive an equivalent service from a local telephone company.

Commonly, a MAN is small enough that dedicated point-to-point, or backbone, data connections are built between buildings or to a hosted colocation (colo) data center. These backbone connections can use various connection technologies including Ethernet run, leased dark fiber or private fiber, point-to-point Wi-Fi, wireless LAN (WLAN), millimeter wave (MM wave) radio and microwave radio connections or private. 5G networks. (taiwo amao, 2021)^10 Advantages of MAN

- Less Expensive :- It is less expensive to connect MAN with WAN Network. MAN provides good efficiency of data. All data on MAN is simply manageable in a centralized way. - Sending Local E-mails :- Users can send local emails fast and free on MAN. - Sending Local E-mails :- Using MAN fiber optics, data speeds can easily reach 1000 Mbps. Files and database transfer rates are fast. - Sharing of the Internet :- By installing MANs, users can share their Internet connection. This way, many users can get the same high-speed internet. - High security :- The MAN has a higher security level than the WAN. Converting - LAN to MAN is easy :- MAN is a combination of two or more LAN networks. So connecting two LAN networks together is the quickest way. This is made possible by the quick configuration of the links. Disadvantages of MAN - Difficult to manage : - As the size and number of LAN network increases it becomes more difficult to manage. This is due to security and additional configuration issues. - Internet Speed Difference : - It does not work on telephone copper wires. Copper wires affect the speed of the MAN, so fiber optics are more expensive. - Hackers attack : - In this network, the risk of attacking hackers is higher compared to LAN. So, there may be data leak. High security personnel are required on the MAN. - Technical staff should be set up : - High tech personnel should set up MAN. Technical Personnel Network Administrators and Adjustment.

Service Provider) IEEE Standards IEEE 802 is a family of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards for Local Area Networks (LAN), Personal Area Networks (PAN), and Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN). The IEEE 802 LAN / MAN Standards Committee (LMSC) maintains these standards. The IEEE 802 Standards consists of twelve members, numbered 802.1 to 802.12, dedicated to each of LMSC's central committees. (Wikipedia contributers, 2019)^12 IEEE 802 MAN/LAN IEEE 802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Groups IEEE 802.2 LLC IEEE 802.3 Ethernet IEEE 802.4 Token bus IEEE 802.5 Token Ring MAC layer IEEE 802.6 MANs (DQDB) IEEE 802.7 Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable IEEE 802.8 Fiber Optic TAG IEEE 802.9 Integrated Service (ISLAN or isoEthernet) IEEE 802.10 Interoperable LAN Security IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification) IEEE 802.12 100BaseVG IEEE 802.14 Cable modems IEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth certification

IEEE 802.15.2 IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.11 coexistence IEEE 802.15.3 High-Rate wireless PAN (e.g. UWB, etc.) IEEE 802.15.4 Low-Rate wireless PAN (e.g. ZigBee, Wireless HART etc.) IEEE 802.15.5 Mesh networking for IEEE 802.15.6 Body area network IEEE 802.15.7 Visible light communication IEEE 802.16 Broadband wireless Access (WiMAX certification) Recommendation The type of network I used for this Matara; The branch is MAN. (Metropolitan Area Network). The metropolitan area includes large geographical areas such as network cities or school districts. Therefore, the famous software company was based in Colombo. Due to this the network structure of the Matara branch should be merged with the Colombo company. Therefore, the metropolitan area network is good for this company. Network Topology Network topology is the schematic description of the arrangement of the physical and logical components of a communication network. Nodes typically include devices such as switches, routers, and software with switch and router features. Topologies are categorized as either physical network topology, which is the physical signal transmission medium, or logical network topology, which refers to how data travels through the network among devices, independent of the physical connection of the devices. Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network