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Some concept of Watershed Management are Accelerated Erosion, Aridity, Community Aspects, Criteria Decision Analysis, Disaster Risk Management, Drought Analysis, Flood Forecasting, Governing Equations. Main points of this lecture are: Drought Mitigation, Warning, Monitoring, Prediction, Monitoring, Impact Assessment, Early-Warning Systems, Action Plans, Mitigation Actions, Mitigation Measures
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Drought mitigation; Management &Drought mitigation; Management &
PlanningPlanning
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
IntroductionIntroduction -
Mitigation
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Drought MitigationDrought Mitigation -
Strategies
^
Alternative cropping strategies, soil and water conservationand promotion of water harvesting techniques – examples foremergency drought relief.emergency drought relief. Main objectives, to combat drought are: ^
(a) To develop national strategies for drought preparedness
b^
h^
h^
h^
d^
l^
d^
d^
h
in
both
the
short
and
long-term,
aimed
at
reducing
the
vulnerability of production systems to drought ^
(b)
To
strengthen
the
flow
of
early
-warning information to
(b) To strengthen the flow of early warning information todecision
makers
and
land
users
to
enable
nations
to
implement strategies for drought intervention(c) To develop & integrate drought relief schemes and means ^
(c)
To
develop
integrate
drought
-relief schemes and means
of
coping
with
environmental
refugees
into
national
and
regional development planning
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Drought Monitoring & Early WarningDrought Monitoring & Early Warning
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Drought Monitoring & Early WarningDrought Monitoring & Early Warning ^
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Drought Mitigation & Preparedness MeasuresDrought Mitigation & Preparedness Measures^ Mitigation Measures & Preparedness:^
Most important steps in lessening the effects of droughtthough are soil and water conservationthough are soil and water conservation. ^
By protecting soil, it is better able to absorb precipitation, butit can also help farmers to use less water ^
It also creates less water pollution by the pesticides andfertilizers present in most farm runoff.Water
conservation
public
use
is
often
regulated
Water
^
Water
conservation
public
use
is
often
regulated.
Water
conservation devices like low-flow toilets, shower heads, andwashing machines ^
Desalination of seawater, water recycling, & rainwaterharvesting
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Drought Mitigation & ProtectionDrought Mitigation & Protection^ Mitigation Measures & Protection:^
Dams - many dams & their associated reservoirs supplyadditional water in times of droughtadditional water in times of drought. ^
Cloud seeding - an artificial technique to induce rainfall. ^
Desalination of sea water for irrigation or consumption. ^
Drought monitoring - Continuous observation of rainfall levels& comparisons with usage levels- help prevent man-madedroughtdrought. ^
Eg: Analysis of water usage in Yemen - revealed that theirgroundwater table - at grave risk by over-use for Khat crop. ^
Monitoring of moisture levels - help predict increased risk forwildfires, using such metrics as Palmer Drought Index.
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Drought Mitigation & Preparedness MeasuresDrought Mitigation & Preparedness Measures
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Drought MitigationDrought Mitigation –
Groundwater Dams
^
Groundwater dams - structures that intercept or obstructnatural flow of groundwater & store water underground ^
Basic principle : instead of storing the water in surfacereservoirs,
water
is
stored
in
underground
less
contamination
Ground surface
^
No problem of submergence of land Sub-surface dam:
G ou
d su
ace
Ri^
b d l
l
^
Intercepts or obstructs the flow of an aquifer ^
Reduces variation of level of groundwater tableupstream of the dam.
Riverbed level
upstream of the dam. ^
It is built entirely under the ground
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/rural/Contemporary_more.htm
Technology for Drought ReductionTechnology for Drought Reduction
Field agricultural technology: ^
Straw or plastic film mulch, conservation tillage andrainwater harvestingrainwater harvesting ^
water saving technology such as hole irrigation, surge flowirrigation, micro-irrigation and drip-irrigation Water-saving technology of chemistry ^
Drought-resistant and water save technologiesFor preserving soil moisture and reducing crop transpiration ^
For preserving soil moisture and reducing crop transpiration Water storage cellar, sea water desalination, wastewater
treatment ^
Water cellar - digging cellar to collect rainwater
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
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^
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Mitigative strategiesMitigative strategies
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Legislation/Public PolicyLegislation/Public Policy^ Specific actions taken by Government:
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
