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EAPS 100 - Final Exam questions well
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What type of map is shown here? - correct answer ✔✔shaded-relief map A finely crystalline or glassy igneous texture indicates that: - correct answer ✔✔the rock cooled quickly A force that is important in driving plate tectonics is: - correct answer ✔✔slab pull ridge push upwelling mantle, such as in hot spots A hypothesis that explains how new organisms or new characteristics can appear suddenly in the fossil record is called: - correct answer ✔✔punctuated equilibrium A snowball that rolls down a hill, gradually gaining more and more mass and rolling faster and faster as it continues, would be an example of a(n): - correct answer ✔✔positive feedback system A triple junction is - correct answer ✔✔a place where three plate boundaries meet A volcanic breccia texture indicates that: - correct answer ✔✔the rock broke apart as it flowed
Broad symmetrical ridges that cross ocean basins are called: - correct answer ✔✔mid-ocean ridges Coarsely crystalline igneous textures indicate that - correct answer ✔✔the rock cooled slowly Continental ice sheets were more common 28,000 years ago than they are today because: - correct answer ✔✔the Earth was cooler then than now Earth science can help us learn about Earth's past by studying: - correct answer ✔✔why continents and oceans are different why a landscape looks the way it does how life in the past was different than today how global climate has changed since the ice ages Earth's magnetic field is generated by: - correct answer ✔✔movement of iron and electrical currents within Earth's outer core From this cross section of the Grand Canyon, what are the oldest rocks or structures? - correct answer ✔✔Precambrian metamorphic rocks and granite Heat, pressure, and deformation are processes that can create: - correct answer ✔✔metamorphic rocks Hot spots form linear island chains because - correct answer ✔✔the plate moves relative to the underlying hot spot How do silica tetrahedra bond in silicate minerals? - correct answer ✔✔with other elements, such as potassium with each other by sharing an oxygen
In which of the following types of bonding do atoms share one or more electrons? - correct answer ✔✔covalent In which of the following types of bonding do atoms share one or more electrons? - correct answer ✔✔covalent Indentify the factor(s) that strongly influence the size, shape, and/or sorting of sedimentary clasts - correct answer ✔✔steepness of slope sediment supply strength of current agents of transport Mid-ocean ridges are higher than surrounding oceanic crust primarily because: - correct answer ✔✔the lithosphere is thinner and hotter Minerals have an ordered internal atomic arrangement. What does this mean? - correct answer ✔✔Atoms in a mineral are arranged in an ordered geometric pattern Most oceanic plateaus are - correct answer ✔✔constructed by volcanic eruption probably over mantle plumes On this map of the south Atlantic, what is the feature that makes a zigzag pattern on the seafloor? - correct answer ✔✔mid-ocean ridge Quantitative data may include - correct answer ✔✔specific temperature data size measurements of sediments chemistry of water in a stream age of a rock
Rates in Earth system processes: - correct answer ✔✔span the range from very rapid to very slow Sedimentary rocks are comprised of material that comes primarily from: - correct answer ✔✔other locations Select the statement that best describes how the process of plate tectonics circulates materials between the asthenosphere and the lithosphere. - correct answer ✔✔some asthenosphere becomes lithosphere at mid-ocean spreading centers and reenters the asthenosphere at subduction zones The cycling of chemical substances throughout the biosphere is accomplished through: - correct answer ✔✔the work of living things and physical and chemical processes The difference between open and closed systems is that: - correct answer ✔✔open systems can acquire matter and energy, but closed systems cannot The Earth's orbit around the Sun is almost circular. Therefore, Earth receives about the same amount of year-round - correct answer ✔✔heat and light The effect of transportation on a pebble's particle size is best summarized by which statement? - correct answer ✔✔its size decreases The first organisms on Earth included - correct answer ✔✔algae The fossil ferns in this photograph probably indicate that the rock was deposited: - correct answer ✔✔on land
This figure depicts what type of boundary? - correct answer ✔✔ocean- continent convergent boundary This figure shows ages of seafloor. The oldest ocean floor is at site numbered
- correct answer ✔✔ 1 This figure shows the main subdivisions of the geologic timescale. Which of these is the Mesozoic? - correct answer ✔✔B To what does the term evolution refer? - correct answer ✔✔observed changes in the fossil record to one or more theories that help explain observed changes as a general term to describe how something, such as a landscape, has changed over time Upon what basis were the upper and lower boundaries of the Mesozoic Era defined? - correct answer ✔✔abrupt changes in the types of fossils, representing mass extinctions What causes magnetic stripes on the seafloor, such as those drawn here? - correct answer ✔✔Sometimes Earth's magnetic field points north and sometimes it points south What characteristic of water helps it cause a mineral, such as halite, to dissolve? - correct answer ✔✔the polar nature of the water molecule What chemical processes can occur during metamorphism and deformation?
- correct answer ✔✔recrystalization remobilization
pressure solution What defines the boundaries between each of the three eras in the geologic timescale? - correct answer ✔✔two great mass extinctions What factors are the most critical in determining whether a fossil is preserved? - correct answer ✔✔whether the creature had hard parts and how fast it was buried What happens to the majority of sediment being carried by moving water as it enters a standing body (little or no motion) of water? - correct answer ✔✔the sedimentary gradually settles to the bottom What is a possible cause of the extinction event called the Great Dying? - correct answer ✔✔a great outpouring of lava at the end of the Paleozoic What occurs at mid-ocean ridges? - correct answer ✔✔oceanic crust is created What specific type of map represents the distribution of rock units and geologic features exposed on the surface? - correct answer ✔✔geologic map What steps are involved in having a hypothesis become an established theory? - correct answer ✔✔The hypothesis is consistent with new data and investigations used to test its predictions What three kinds of particles are the main building blocks of an atom? - correct answer ✔✔proton, neutron, electron What type of map is shown here? - correct answer ✔✔topographic map with contours
The atmosphere includes a low percentage of water vapor, most of which comes from the oceans Earth's atmosphere blocks most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation Some energy that strikes the earth is converted into infrared energy Which of the following are ways to form layers in a sedimentary rock? - correct answer ✔✔occurrence of a discrete event like a flood a change in the strength of the current a change in the supply of sediment a change in the climate of the region Which of the following characteristics are NOT used to classify and name clastic sediments? - correct answer ✔✔the climate in which the clasts are produced Which of the following determines whether a rock is an ore? - correct answer ✔✔the location of the deposit the grade of the ore size and depth of the mineral deposit the type of ore, such as oxide versus sulfide types Which of the following does NOT help define foliation in metamorphic rocks?
- correct answer ✔✔crystals that grow in a random orientation Which of the following is a common metamorphic process? - correct answer ✔✔deforming objects into new shapes rotation of minerals into a common orientation remobilization of chemical constituents into light and dark bands dissolving some parts of the rock and carrying material away
Which of the following is a mineral? - correct answer ✔✔ice Which of the following is an example of quantitative data? - correct answer ✔✔North America is moving across Earth's surface several centimeters per year Which of the following is NOT a main type of silicate structure? - correct answer ✔✔triple chains Which of the following is NOT a required criterion for a substance to be classified as a mineral? - correct answer ✔✔human-made Which of the following is NOT a typical environment in which a metamorphic rock forms? - correct answer ✔✔solidification of lava Which of the following is NOT accurately dated at between 4 and 4.6 billion years old? - correct answer ✔✔isotopic ages on Earth's oldest known fossil shell Which of the following is true about rocks and minerals? - correct answer ✔✔a rock can contain more than one mineral a mineral is composed of chemical elements a single rock can include more than one mineral Which of the following lived during the Mesozoic era? - correct answer ✔✔dinosaurs that had a bird-like hip dinosaurs with a hip structure similar to lizards large flying reptiles large marine reptiles
Why is ice less dense than water? - correct answer ✔✔When water freezes, the molecules arrange into a crystal form in which they are farther apart than in liquid water Composite volcanoes are so called because they - correct answer ✔✔are composed of lava flows, pyroclastic material, and mudflows Which of the following would be evidence that a volcano has NOT been active for a long period of time? - correct answer ✔✔well-developed soils on volcanic rocks How does the addition of water cause melting? - correct answer ✔✔It changes the location of the liquid-solid boundary These photographs show different types of eruptions. Select the proper label for each lettered eruption. - correct answer ✔✔a - lava flow b - lava fountain c - lava dome d - eruption column When basaltic lavas reach the ocean they - correct answer ✔✔form pillow basalts Which of the following is NOT a major controlling factor in volcanic eruption style? - correct answer ✔✔age of volcano Which of the following are ways that viscosity affects gases in magma? - correct answer ✔✔viscous magma prevents gas from escaping easily
Earthquakes at Mount St. Helens prior to the major eruption in 1980 were caused by - correct answer ✔✔magma rising in the volcano Ash layers from the three most recent caldera-forming eruptions at Yellowstone (2.1, 1.3, and 0.64 mya) stretch - correct answer ✔✔from Canada to Mexico A single volcano may produce - correct answer ✔✔both explosive and nonexplosive eruptions Which of the following are characteristics of actively erupting volcanoes? - correct answer ✔✔glowing orange lava flowing downhill, fragments of molten rock blasting into the air, & billowing clouds of ash rising into the air Some scientists think that Yellowstone could cause a future disaster because
- correct answer ✔✔the area is part of a caldera, a magma chamber is still present at depth, past eruptions from Yellowstone carried ash over a huge area of western North America, & land near Yellowstone is uplifting in some places and subsiding in others A volcanic eruption occurring beneath an ice sheet is likely to cause - correct answer ✔✔a hazardous flood The largest concentration of composite volcanoes on Earth is located along the - correct answer ✔✔Pacific Ring of Fire What are the rounded hills inside the Valles Caldera? - correct answer ✔✔volcanic domes Shield volcanoes commonly have - correct answer ✔✔fissure eruptions, lava flows, fire fountains, & dikes at depth
The image shows a surface expression of slip along a normal fault caused by an earthquake caused by an earthquake. What is the indicated feature? - correct answer ✔✔fault scarp Most earthquakes occur along - correct answer ✔✔plate boundaries Which of the following is most likely to occur at shallow crustal levels? - correct answer ✔✔brittle deformation Sudden movement on a fault can cause a tsunami when - correct answer ✔✔the fault suddenly uplifts or downdrops the seafloor Which of the following is a characteristic of P-waves? - correct answer ✔✔They compress and then expand the rock in the direction the wave travels The depths of most earthquakes in subduction zones - correct answer ✔✔range from shallow to deep Fractures along which the rock has slipped relative to the other side are called - correct answer ✔✔faults What features in the image help you identify the location of the fault? - correct answer ✔✔stream channel runs parallel with faults, linear ridges and valley, & scarp The diagram on the right shows the record of one earthquake on seismograms at three different stations in a seismic network. These three seismograms show - correct answer ✔✔ISCO station is closest to the earthquake
Most earthquakes occur at depths of - correct answer ✔✔less than 100 km The southern San Andreas fault near Los Angeles is considered a candidate for a major earthquake because - correct answer ✔✔this segment of the fault has not moved for more than 100 years Earthquakes may be caused by - correct answer ✔✔movement along faults, volcanic eruptions and magma movement, landslides, & explosions and human activity The earthquake location shown as the red dot is generated on what type of fault? - correct answer ✔✔normal fault Which of the following is a characteristic of S-waves? - correct answer ✔✔they cannot travel through liquids, they shear rock from side to side or up and down, & they displace the rock in a direction that is perpendicular to their travel direction Which of the following can cause extensive damage well after the ground shaking associated with an earthquake stops? - correct answer ✔✔tsunami, fire, & flooding from subsidence or failure of dams What happens to the surface area of exposed rock if a rock is fractured? - correct answer ✔✔The surface area increases as the rock is fractured The margins of glaciers are usually darker than the interior primarily because
- correct answer ✔✔the sides have a higher concentration of rocks and other debris Some rocks and minerals are not stable at the surface becasue - correct answer ✔✔they are exposed to water, they formed in high-temperature
How does the character of a rock influence weathering? - correct answer ✔✔rocks that are broken have more surface area and so weather faster Which of the following processes produce sedimentary clasts? - correct answer ✔✔fracturing of bedrock that results in angular pieces, breaking of round cobbles as they are transported, scouring and abrasion of bedrock along rivers, & decomposition of granite into quartz grains and clay What carved this u-shaped valley? - correct answer ✔✔a glacier Which of the following processes is NOT physical weathering? - correct answer ✔✔oxidation What happens on either side of the equilibrium line in a glacier? - correct answer ✔✔above the equilibrium line, the amount of accumulation exceeds the amount lost by various processes What happens to snowflakes as they become progressively buried within glaciers? - correct answer ✔✔they become interlocking crystals of ice Which of the following is a key part of the formation of most natural bridges?
- correct answer ✔✔stream erosion The joints in the photograph mimic topography, indicating that they formed - correct answer ✔✔when the weight of overlying rocks was unloaded, allowing expansion along the joints The relationship between weathering and erosion can best be characterized as - correct answer ✔✔weathering loosens material before erosion carries it away, but erosion can also scour and move unweathered material
During a hurricane or other strong coastal storm, material on barrier islands can be moved from the seaward side to the side away from the sea in a process called - correct answer ✔✔overwash What causes high and low tides? - correct answer ✔✔water is pulled by the gravity of the moon Which of the following graphs is typical for the profile of a river? - correct answer ✔✔c When will an area experience high tide? - correct answer ✔✔when the moon is directly overhead or on the opposite side of Earth In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: - correct answer ✔✔controls the amount of water that can be stored Narrow canyons are formed when - correct answer ✔✔downward incision is faster than widening of the canyon by erosion Approximately how fast does groundwater move beneath the surface of Earth? - correct answer ✔✔a few meters per day The size of clasts that a stream can carry is primarily controlled by: - correct answer ✔✔the velocity and turbulence of the current What is probably the least expensive approach for avoiding shoreline hazards? - correct answer ✔✔forbid the building of houses or other structures in high-risk areas
