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EAPS 100 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS!!, Exams of Meteorology

Western Governors University (WGU)Meteorology

Minerals do not have _________? - ANSWER-Randomly arranged atoms Which of the following is not a mineral? Diamond (C) extracted from a kimberlite Quartz (SiO2) crystals extracted from a granite Ice (H2O) crystals in a snow flake A cubic zirconia (ZrO2) crystal grown in a laboratory - ANSWER-A cubic zirconia (ZrO2) crystal grown in a laboratory What are the two most common elements in Earth's crust? - ANSWER-Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O) A cooling magma begins to grow crystals. We can say that this magma is ________ the crystallizing mineral. - ANSWER-Saturated with respect to

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EAPS 100 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS!!
Minerals do not have _________? - ANSWER-Randomly arranged atoms
Which of the following is not a mineral?
Diamond (C) extracted from a kimberlite
Quartz (SiO2) crystals extracted from a granite
Ice (H2O) crystals in a snow flake
A cubic zirconia (ZrO2) crystal grown in a laboratory - ANSWER-A cubic zirconia (ZrO2)
crystal grown in a laboratory
What are the two most common elements in Earth's crust? - ANSWER-Silicon (Si) and
Oxygen (O)
A cooling magma begins to grow crystals. We can say that this magma is ________ the
crystallizing mineral. - ANSWER-Saturated with respect to
Ionic bonding occurs when ______? - ANSWER-Atoms lose or gain valence electrons
to make positively or negatively charged ions that can then bond
The unit cell leads to all of the following mineral properties except which one? -
ANSWER-Mineral size
The smallest repeatable unit in a crystalline sold is known as the _________? -
ANSWER-Unit cell
Heating a magma will ________ crystallization and solidification into a rock. -
ANSWER-Inhibit
What are the three main types of rock? - ANSWER-Igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary
What is the most common class of mineral within the Earth's crust?
Hint: Remember the most common elements in the Earth's crust. - ANSWER-Silicate
Minerals
In the above diagram of a river system where are most sedimentary clasts/grains
produced? - ANSWER-1
Which of the following areas is most at risk for the development of a debris flow? -
ANSWER-volcano
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Download EAPS 100 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS!! and more Exams Meteorology in PDF only on Docsity!

EAPS 100 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE

WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS!!

Minerals do not have _________? - ANSWER-Randomly arranged atoms Which of the following is not a mineral? Diamond (C) extracted from a kimberlite Quartz (SiO2) crystals extracted from a granite Ice (H2O) crystals in a snow flake A cubic zirconia (ZrO2) crystal grown in a laboratory - ANSWER-A cubic zirconia (ZrO2) crystal grown in a laboratory What are the two most common elements in Earth's crust? - ANSWER-Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O) A cooling magma begins to grow crystals. We can say that this magma is ________ the crystallizing mineral. - ANSWER-Saturated with respect to Ionic bonding occurs when ______? - ANSWER-Atoms lose or gain valence electrons to make positively or negatively charged ions that can then bond The unit cell leads to all of the following mineral properties except which one? - ANSWER-Mineral size The smallest repeatable unit in a crystalline sold is known as the _________? - ANSWER-Unit cell Heating a magma will ________ crystallization and solidification into a rock. - ANSWER-Inhibit What are the three main types of rock? - ANSWER-Igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary What is the most common class of mineral within the Earth's crust? Hint: Remember the most common elements in the Earth's crust. - ANSWER-Silicate Minerals In the above diagram of a river system where are most sedimentary clasts/grains produced? - ANSWER- Which of the following areas is most at risk for the development of a debris flow? - ANSWER-volcano

A river requires _______ to transport large pieces of rock (i.e., sedimentary clasts) when compared to smaller clasts. - ANSWER-faster flowing water Which of the following locations on the surface of the Earth has the lowest gravitational potential energy? Hint: Where is most sediment ultimately deposited? - ANSWER-the bottom of the ocean The organisms that produce shells made out of calcium carbonate are utilizing what component of seawater? - ANSWER-Dissolved ions The above photograph shows a vertical magmatic dike cutting across horizontal sedimentary layers. Which of the labeled rocks is the youngest based on the principle's of superposition and cross cutting relationships? - ANSWER-D: Magmatic Dike Using the principle of original horizontality, what can you infer about the history of this location? - ANSWER-The sedimentary rocks have been rotated from their original orientation. In the above photograph is the fault older or younger than the sedimentary rocks? - ANSWER-Younger The above photograph shows a mountain composed of sedimentary rock. The principle of lateral continuity allows you to assume that a single layer represents ________ as you trace it across the photograph. - ANSWER-approximately the same period of time Chemical weathering is a major process during which rock is broken down through chemical reactions and dissolved ions are incorporated into natural waters. Which of the following parameters will lead to increased chemical weathering if all other variables are kept the same? - ANSWER-Increasing surface area We now use radioactive decay to determine the age of geological materials. What is one feature of an ideal material for radiometric dating? - ANSWER-No initial daughter isotope when the material formed What feature would not make a fossil useful for determining relative geologic ages? - ANSWER-The species had a very small population The above diagram shows how the number of parent and daughter atoms change through time during radioactive decay. Which of the following statements is true? - ANSWER-Daughter atoms accumulate as parent atoms decay Clastic rocks are distinguished from crystalline rocks in that they are composed or weathered bits of rock (clasts) that have been transported as sediment and deposited in a location that is different from where their constituent rocks formed. What is one feature of clastic rocks that you could use to distinguish them? - ANSWER-Clastic rocks are typically composed of rounded clasts

Alfred Wegener proposed that the continents had once been joined into a super continent and then drifted apart. Which of the following was a line of evidence that he used to make this proposal? - ANSWER--The coastlines of continents look like they fit together in the past. -Fossils of certain species seem to form continuous habitat zones if continents were once joined -Locations where there is evidence for tropical or glacial environments could be restored to low and high latitudes, respectively, if the continents were once joined together and had drifted apart All of the above Alfred Wegener's proposal for continental drift was rejected during his own lifetime (b. 1880, d. 1930) for which of the following reasons? - ANSWER-He did not have a explanation for how the continents had moved Samples of the Earth's mantle are brought to the Earth's surface through rare volcanic eruptions. One example of this process are kimberlite eruptions, which erupt from deep in the Earth's interior and can breach the surface with extremely high eruption velocities. We have studied these type of volcanic eruptions in detail because they also transport the mineral _________, which only forms at extremely high pressures, to the Earth's surface. - ANSWER-Diamond The Earth's mantle is composed of a rock called peridotite. It can begin melting through which of the following processes? - ANSWER-Decreasing pressure, while keeping temperature constant _______ is a rock formed from solidification of magma that forms during partial melting of the Earth's mantle? - ANSWER-Basalt Mid ocean ridges are underwater mountain ranges, where new oceanic crust is produced. If you were to dredge pieces of rock from a modern mid-ocean ridge, which of the rocks below would be most likely? - ANSWER-Pillow basalt What process leads to partial melting of the Earth's mantle and the production of large volumes of basaltic magma at mid-ocean ridges? - ANSWER-Melting triggered by decompression as the Earth's mantle flows upward The thickness of sedimentary rocks on the seafloor _________ with distance from mid- ocean ridges. This observation indicates that the seafloor gets progressively older with distance from the mid-ocean ridge and is one of the lines of evidence for seafloor spreading. - ANSWER-increases Which of the following is not a line of evidence used to support the idea of seafloor spreading? - ANSWER-Earthquakes that occur far from mid-ocean ridges

Researchers have documented that magnetic minerals within the seafloor form zones that sometimes point toward the modern north pole and sometimes point toward the modern south pole. These zones form linear belts parallel to mid-ocean ridges. Which of the following is an observation regarding these zones that supports the idea of seafloor spreading? - ANSWER-The zones are symmetrical about the mid-ocean ridge Subduction zones are places where oceanic crust is ___________. - ANSWER-pulled back into the Earth's mantle The point where oceanic crust begins sinking in subduction zones is marked by what type of topographic feature? - ANSWER-A deep canyon known as a 'trench' What is the key process that causes the ocean crust to be pulled into the Earth's mantle? - ANSWER-Metamorphism transforms the basalt that forms ocean crust into a rock that is more dense than the Earth's upper mantle. This transition pulls oceanic crust downward as it sinks. We now think that plate tectonics is largely driven by 'slab pull', meaning that the ocean crust that is metamorphosed into very dense rock during subduction pulls the other tectonic plates as it sinks. - ANSWER-true Magma is dominantly produced in subduction zones through which of the following processes? - ANSWER-The melting point of the mantle is lowered by the addition of water released as the sinking oceanic crust undergoes metamorphic reactions Volcanoes that are associated with subduction zones are frequently associated with explosive volcanic eruptions. All of the following are qualities of subduction zone magmas that lead to this characteristic behavior except which one? - ANSWER-The magmas have an extremely low viscosity (meaning that they can flow with relative ease) When a continent is pulled into a subduction zone it will __________? - ANSWER-The continent will resist being pulled into the Earth's deep interior because it is composed of rocks that are much less dense than the rocks that compose Earth's mantle. Since one continent cannot easily sink beneath another continent when two continental plates collide they accommodate the differential motion between them through the process of 'shortening'. This process is similar to when the hood of a car is smashed in a wreck, leading to a shorter total length of the car. Which of the following is not a mechanism through which geological shortening occurs? - ANSWER-Seafloor spreading Geological shortening during collisions between continents frequently leads to what topographic feature? - ANSWER-A mountain range What process is constantly removing material from mountain ranges? Hint: Think back to earlier in the course. - ANSWER-Weathering and Erosion

Which location would be the safest place to build a house on the Big Island of Hawaii. Remember, this island has several active volcanoes that produce basaltic lava flows? - ANSWER-On a ridge on a non-volcanically active part of the island Lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and lahars are all different types of volcanic hazards. All of these hazards will ________ to minimize their gravitational potential energy. - ANSWER-flow downhill What is the name for a mud flow that is composed of volcanic debris? - ANSWER-Lahar All of the following, except which answer choice, might indicate that magma is moving beneath a volcano? - ANSWER-Several consecutive sunny days The Alaska volcano observatory is one of the largest observatories in the United States, despite the fact that Alaska does not have any major cities adjacent to a major volcano. Why is so much effort put into monitoring Alaskan volcanoes? - ANSWER-Explosive eruptions can disrupt international air travel and Alaska lies along a common flight path between North America and Asia You work at the a volcano observatory. Over the past several days you have monitored GPS data indicating that the volcano is inflating. Over the same period of time you have monitored numerous small earthquakes. Another scientist at the observatory reports that the gases emitted from several hot springs have changed to different chemical compositions. Do you recommend that the government evacuate the towns that are adjacent to the volcano? - ANSWER-Yes, the risk of eruption is elevated