Earth's Internal Structure and Composition | Study notes Earth science

REVIEW FOR EA RTH & L IFE SCIE NCE

TERR ESTRIAL PLANET - M ercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

● They are com posed of a rock y surface.

JO VIAN PLANET- Jupiter, Saturn, U ranus, Neptune.

● They are com posed by GAS SES

EARTH is the only planet in the univers e confirmed to hos t life.

THE REASO N WHY EAR TH IS UNIQ UE ONE.

1. It has liquid water.

2. Plate Tectonics.

3. It is almost here that it shelters from the worst of s un ray s.

WATER - 70%

NITRO GEN - 70-78%

OXY GEN - 20%

ARG ON- 0.98%

Ex: Rain.

CLIM ATE : long period of time.

Ex: Summ er, Winter.

Planet Earth is habitable becaus e;

4. It is the right distance to the sun.

5. It k eeps warm by an insulating atmosphere.

6. It prov ides water, oxygen, and useful biological products for humans.

INTER NAL STRUCTUR E OF THE EARTH .

CRU ST - LITH OSPHERE - 5-35 km THIN

MA NTLE- ASTHENOS PHERE - 2,900 km thick

CO RE

INNE R CORE > 2, 500 km thick.

OU TER CORE> 800 km thick.

PHYS ICAL STRUCTURE OF EARTH

● Lithosphere- C rust and rigid upper mantle; tec tonic plate.

● Asthenosphere - Soft roc k of the m antle how tectonic plates move.

● Mes osphere- between outer core and asthenosphere.

● Outer Core - c ompletely liquid: iron and nickel.

● Inner C ore - solid and dense; iron and nickel.

THE ST RUCT URE OF THE EA RTH .

FOUR SU BSYSTEMS OF THE EA RTH

1. BIOSPHERE - i s the region of the earth where life can be found like humans,

animals an d other living thing s.

2. Hydrosphere- the total amount of water on a pla net .

3. Atmosphere - a mixture of gasses that surrounds the Earth.

4. Geosphere - the rigid or outer layer of the E arth , encompassing the crust.

MINERALS

● is a naturall y occurring inorganic el ement component having an orderly

internal structure.

Build ing of rocks

CHAR ACTERISTICS OF ROCKS

Naturally occurring - i t is a product of earth's natural process.

Inorganic- it must be a product of earth's physical process .

Homogene ous Solid - ha ve definite shape and volume.

Crystalline Structure - atoms are arranged i n order of increasing pattern .

Chemical Composition - represents chemical formula.

PROPER TIES OF MINERALS

COLOR- may change dep ending on the surface.

STRE AK- color of mineral po wdered form.

HAR DNESS - minerals resistance to scratching .

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REVIEW FOR EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE

TERRESTRIAL PLANET-Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. ● They are composed of a rocky surface. JOVIAN PLANET- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. ● They are composed by GASSES EARTH is the only planet in the universe confirmed to host life. THE REASON WHY EARTH IS UNIQUE ONE.

It has liquid water.
Plate Tectonics.
It is almost here that it shelters from the worst of sun rays. WATER- 70% NITROGEN- 70-78% OXYGEN- 20% ARGON- 0.98% Ex: Rain. CLIMATE: long period of time. Ex: Summer, Winter. Planet Earth is habitable because;
It is the right distance to the sun.
It keeps warm by an insulating atmosphere.
It provides water, oxygen, and useful biological products for humans. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH. CRUST- LITHOSPHERE- 5-35 km THIN MANTLE- ASTHENOSPHERE- 2,900 km thick CORE INNER CORE > 2, 500 km thick. OUTER CORE> 800 km thick. PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF EARTH ● Lithosphere- Crust and rigid upper mantle; tectonic plate. ● Asthenosphere- Soft rock of the mantle how tectonic plates move. ● Mesosphere- between outer core and asthenosphere. ● Outer Core- completely liquid: iron and nickel. ● Inner Core- solid and dense; iron and nickel.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH.

FOUR SUBSYSTEMS OF THE EARTH

BIOSPHERE- is the region of the earth where life can be found like humans, animals and other living things.
Hydrosphere-the total amount of water on a planet.
Atmosphere- a mixture of gasses that surrounds the Earth.
Geosphere- the rigid or outer layer of the Earth, encompassing the crust.

MINERALS

● is a naturally occurring inorganic element component having an orderly internal structure. Building of rocks CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCKS Naturally occurring- i t is a product of earth's natural process. Inorganic- it must be a product of earth's physical process. Homogeneous Solid- have definite shape and volume. Crystalline Structure- atoms are arranged in order of increasing pattern. Chemical Composition- represents chemical formula. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS COLOR- may change depending on the surface. STREAK- color of mineral powdered form. HARDNESS- minerals resistance to scratching.

CLEAVAGE- resistance to being broken and fractured. CRYSTALLINE- structure or habit. DIAPHANEITY- allow light to pass through it. LUSTER- how light is reflected off the surface. TENACITY- minerals reaction to stress.

● BRITTLENESS- minerals turn to powder.

● MALLEABILITY- a mineral can be flattened.

● DUCTILITY- minerals can be stretched to wire.

● FLEXIBLE BUT ELASTIC- minerals are bent back to their

original position.

HOW MINERALS FORMED?

- minerals are formed from volcanic gasses, sediment formation, oxidation, crystallization from magma, or deposition from a saline fluid.

Rocks- is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals.

GEOLOGISTS - are scientists who study the earth.

PETROLOGY- is a scientific study of rocks, they classified the rocks based on

how they were formed.

3 TYPES OF ROCKS

1. IGNEOUS ROCKS- formed from hardening and crystallization of

magma

2. METAMORPHIC ROCKS- forms from pre- existing rocks, either

metamorphic, igneous or other metamorphic rocks.

3. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS- existed from the earth past, particles

of sands, shells, pebbles and other fragments.

COMPACTION- due to increase of pressure of layered

sediments in bind together to form the sedimentary rocks.

EXAMPLE OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

Basalt, Pumice, Obsidian, Anyolite, Scoria, Pacite.

EXAMPLE OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

- Gneiss, Quartzite, Marble, Schist, Soapstone, and Phyllite.

EXAMPLE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Limestone, Quartz, Gypsum, Sandstone, Shale and Breccia.

IGNEOUS ROCKS

1. EXTRUSIVE/VOLCANIC

● Forms when magma makes its way to earth surface, the crystals are very small and the cooling process is fast.

INTRUSIVE/ PLATONIC ● It cools down slowly beneath the earth surface and has very large crystals. IGNEOUS ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON;
1. COMPOSITION- it refers to the rocks mineral and chemical make-up.

★ CONDUCTION- is the process by which heat energy is

transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms

or molecules.

★ CONVECTION- transfer of heat by the movement of

mass

- Dominates the thermal conditions in zones.

- Due to the tremendous temperature, the mantle acts

like a viscous fluid. Transfer of heat from the interior

earth up to the surface results in the movement of

tectonic plates.

● CONVECTION CURRENT

- are caused by the very hot material of the mantle riding, then

cooling and sinking then the process is repeated when the

material is heated.

★ RADIATION - process of heat exchange between the sun

and the earth, also the source of heat.

MAGMATISM

MAGMA- is a molten or semi-molten rock beneath the surface of the

Earth. Temperature ranges from 700 degree celsius to 1,300 D celsius.

HOW IS MAGMA FORMED?

➢ PARTIAL MELTING- the magma present in the lower crust and upper mantle of the Earth is formed or generated, created. ➢ MELTING- in the mantle requires one of three possible events to occur.

An increased temperature.
- CONDUCTION IN MANTLE HAPPENS WHEN HEAT IS TRANSFERRED FROM HOTTER MOLTEN ROCKS TO THE EARTH'S COLD CRUST. THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS HEAT TRANSFER. -A decreased in temperature.

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REVIEW FOR EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE

THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH.

FOUR SUBSYSTEMS OF THE EARTH

MINERALS

● BRITTLENESS- minerals turn to powder.

● MALLEABILITY- a mineral can be flattened.

● DUCTILITY- minerals can be stretched to wire.

● FLEXIBLE BUT ELASTIC- minerals are bent back to their

original position.

HOW MINERALS FORMED?

Rocks- is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals.

GEOLOGISTS - are scientists who study the earth.

PETROLOGY- is a scientific study of rocks, they classified the rocks based on

how they were formed.

3 TYPES OF ROCKS

1. IGNEOUS ROCKS- formed from hardening and crystallization of

magma

2. METAMORPHIC ROCKS- forms from pre- existing rocks, either

metamorphic, igneous or other metamorphic rocks.

3. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS- existed from the earth past, particles

of sands, shells, pebbles and other fragments.

COMPACTION- due to increase of pressure of layered

sediments in bind together to form the sedimentary rocks.

EXAMPLE OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

EXAMPLE OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

- Gneiss, Quartzite, Marble, Schist, Soapstone, and Phyllite.

EXAMPLE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

IGNEOUS ROCKS

1. EXTRUSIVE/VOLCANIC

★ CONDUCTION- is the process by which heat energy is

transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms

or molecules.

★ CONVECTION- transfer of heat by the movement of

mass

- Dominates the thermal conditions in zones.

- Due to the tremendous temperature, the mantle acts

like a viscous fluid. Transfer of heat from the interior

earth up to the surface results in the movement of

tectonic plates.

● CONVECTION CURRENT

- are caused by the very hot material of the mantle riding, then

cooling and sinking then the process is repeated when the

material is heated.

★ RADIATION - process of heat exchange between the sun

and the earth, also the source of heat.

MAGMATISM

MAGMA- is a molten or semi-molten rock beneath the surface of the

Earth. Temperature ranges from 700 degree celsius to 1,300 D celsius.

HOW IS MAGMA FORMED?

DECOMPRESSION MELTING

➔ involves the upward movement of Earth's mostly solid

mantle

➔ Mantle rocks remain solid when exposed to high

pressure.

3. ADDITION OF VOLATILE

- When water or carbon dioxide is added to hot rocks. The melting

point of minerals within the rocks decreases. It occurs around

the subduction zone.

PARTIAL MELTING