Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
a comprehensive set of written materials that encapsulate key concepts, theories, and principles covered in a series of lectures related to Earth science. These notes serve as a valuable resource for students, offering a condensed yet thorough overview of topics such as geology, meteorology, oceanography, and environmental science. Designed to enhance understanding and retention, the lecture notes typically include diagrams, charts, and pertinent examples to aid in the assimilation of fundamental Earth science concepts. Whether used as a study aid or reference material, these notes provide a convenient and organized way for students to review and reinforce their knowledge of the Earth's dynamic processes and systems.
Typology: Lecture notes
1 / 14
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
Department of Education
Z est for P rogress Z eal of P artnership
Name of Learner: ___________________________ Grade & Section: ___________________________ Name of School: ___________________________
What I Need to Know Why is the surface of the earth uneven? The earth’s crust is dynamic. You are well aware that it has moved and moves vertically and horizontally. Of course, it moved a bit faster in the past than the rate at which it is moving now. The differences in the internal forces operating from within the earth which built up the crust have been responsible for the variations in the outer surface of the crust. The earth’s surface is being continuously subjected to external forces induced basically by energy (sunlight). Of course, the internal forces are still active though with different intensities. That means, the earth’s surface is being continuously subjected to by external forces originating within the earth’s atmosphere and by internal forces from within the earth. The external forces are known as exogenic forces and the internal forces are known as endogenic forces. This module will walk you through the effects of the constant interaction of these forces to the surface of the earth. Specifically, this module will let you describe how rocks undergo weathering (S11ES-IIa-22), and explain why the Earth’s interior is hot (S11ES-IIb-C- 23 ). What’s In
Directions: Search up, down, forward, backward, and on the diagonal to find and encircle the hidden words then write the words on the space provided on each number describing it. (1 point each) X N Y L N P L S X M K G U K P U Y U A U K L H G U U N D N N A J S L Z X E A R N O B A D E M I Q U S O K J O I I O X J D K B X R M W X A V C B L R S S X N R A I G M S F I F D I O G H B P J W C M P K P W G L A L E U T R O P H I C A T I O N T S L L I F D N A L L D X N E K D R C L L P F W K W K V Z F T Y P W O N H Y D A A J D N O E S B E R H E M S H S H Y C T Y Z H I F P J T T E T A O E G D E M C N U E R J G E A Y D Q C E D Q F W Q W O X H R F D J N Module 1 Shaping the Surface of the Earth 10
Directions: Read the paragraph below and answer the guide questions that follow. (2 points each) The photos below show the famous Pamukkale’s hot springs and travertine terraces (terraces of carbonate minerals that are typically a remnant of flowing water) in Denizil, Turkey. In the total area, there are 17 thermal springs which range in temperatures from 35ºC all the way up to 100ºC, so some of the pools are not suitable for swimming.
**_What Is It_** Variations in the topographic relief of the earth’s surface reflect the constant interaction of exogenic and endogenic processes. Endogenic processes are responsible for creating topographic relief (i.e., variations in the elevation of the land surface relative to sea level). These processes include volcanism, earthquakes, and the folding and faulting of rocks. On the other hand, exogenic processes operate to reduce topographic relief via weathering of rock and the subsequent redistribution of weathering products, sediments, and dissolved minerals at or near the earth’s surface. Exogenic Processes These are the processes of external origin or, in other words, the processes derive their energy from sources external in relation to the earth (i.e., the sun which drives the weather). (i) energy from the sun which causes differential heating of the atmosphere giving rise to differences in pressures that make the wind to blow, sun’s energy drives the hydrological cycle which involves the transfer of moisture from water bodies to atmosphere to land again to ocean etc. (ii) the force of gravity, (iii) the activity of organisms etc. Thus the exogenous processes are closely linked with the role of various external agents such as weathering, blowing wind, and running water, underground http://www.geologyin.com/2014/07/pamukkales-terraces.html Figure 2. Aerial view of the travertine hot springs of Pamukkale, Turkey. https://www.dailysabah.com/travel/2018/04/17/discover-pamukkales-ancient- history-and-healing-waters-from-above 4
Materials: rock and hammer Procedure:
Objective: Demonstrate how chemicals react with certain types of minerals thereby enhancing the process of chemical weathering. Materials:
25
Directions: Read the questions below carefully and have it answered on the space provided in the box. (3 points each)
https://www.wasp.edu.au/pluginfile.php?file=/622/mod_page/ content/28/WASP%204%20Books.pdf 9
What I Can Do
Directions: Read the scenario below and answer the guide questions that follow. Both these gravestones are made of rock and were placed in the graveyard at almost exactly the same time. They stand almost side-by-side and have been exposed to the same weathering conditions. The one on the left is made of marble, a rock with the same chemical composition as limestone. The one on the right is made of granite. It has a completely different chemical composition, as it is mostly silica, the chemical used to make glass. Writing on the left stone has been almost completely obliterated while on the right it is still fairly clear and sharp. Guide Questions:
Deep inside the Earth, at depths near 150 kilometers, the temperature and pressure is sufficient to melt rock into magma. As it becomes less dense, the magma begins to flow toward the surface. Once it breaks through the crust it is referred to as lava. Lava is extremely hot; up to 1,250 °C. Average lava temperatures are about 75 0°C. A normal household oven only reaches temperatures near 260°C (500°F)! The https://www.wasp.edu.au/pluginfile.php?file=/622/mod_page/content/28/WASP%204%20Books.pdf Figure 4. Gravestones in a cemetery. The names and most of the writing in these photos have been deliberately blurred in the interests of privacy 10 28
rock located just above the magma is also very hot but remains solid. What if we could harness this thermal energy (i.e. geothermal energy) and use it to generate electricity or heat homes and businesses? Imagine you are part of a committee that is planning to donate a large amount of money to renewable-energy research and development in your area. But first they have to decide where this money should go. Should it be spent on geothermal energy? Why or why not? Write a 300 - word persuasive essay arguing for or against the development of more geothermal energy plants. Your essay should include at least three reasons to support why geothermal energy is or is not a good resource to invest in. Your assignment will be graded based on this rubric. Consequently, use this rubric as a guide when working on your assignment and check it again before you submit it. Table 2. Persuasion rubric Traits 4 3 2 1 Organization The introduction is inviting, states the goal or thesis, and provides an overview of the issue. Information is presented in a logical order and maintains the interest of the audience. The conclusion strongly states a personal opinion. The introduction includes the goal or thesis and provides an overview of the issue. Information is presented in a logical order but does not always maintain the interest of the audience. A conclusion states a personal opinion. The introduction includes the main goal or thesis. Most information is presented in a logical order. A conclusion is included, but it does not clearly state a personal opinion. There is no clear introduction, structure, or conclusion. Goal or Thesis There is one goal or thesis that strongly and clearly states a personal opinion and identifies the issue. There is one goal or thesis that states a personal opinion and identifies the issue. A personal opinion is not clearly stated. There is little reference to the issue. The personal opinion is not easily understood. There is little or no reference to the issue. Reasons and Support Three excellent reasons are stated with good support. It is evident that a lot of thought and research was put into this assignment. Three reasons are stated, but the arguments are somewhat weak in places. Two reasons are made but with weak arguments. Arguments are weak or missing. Less than two reasons are made. Attention to Audience Argument demonstrates a clear understanding of the potential audience and anticipates counterarguments. Argument demonstrates a clear understanding of the potential audience. Argument demonstrates some understanding of the potential audience. Argument does not seem to target any particular audience. Word Choice Word choice is creative and enhances the argument. Word choice enhances the argument. There is evidence of attention to word choice. Word choice is limited. Visuals/ Delivery Visuals are appealing, highly relevant, and add support to the argument. Delivery is fluent, with an engaging flow of speech. Visuals are appealing and add support to the argument. Delivery is fluent. Visuals are related to the topic. Delivery lacks some fluency. Visuals are not directly related to the topic. Delivery is not fluent. Grammar, Mechanics, & Spelling There are no errors in grammar, mechanics, and/or spelling. There are few errors in grammar, mechanics, and/or spelling, but they do not interfere with understanding. There are several errors in grammar, mechanics, and/or spelling. There are numerous errors in grammar, mechanics, and/or spelling.
The diagram on the right shows granite bedrock with cracks. Water has seeped into the cracks and frozen. The arrows represent the directions in which the cracks have widened due to weathering. Which statement best describes the physical weathering shown by the diagram? a. Enlargement of the cracks occurs because water expands when it freezes. b. This type of weathering occurs only in bedrock composed of granite. c. The cracks become wider because of chemical reactions between water and the rock. d. This type of weathering is common in regions of primarily warm and humid climates.
The two photographs below show dates on tombstones found in a cemetery in St. Remy, New York. The tombstones were 5 meters apart and both faced north. Tombstone A had dates cut into the rock in 1922. Tombstone B had dates cut into the rock in 1892. Which statement best explains why the dates are more difficult to read on tombstone A than on tombstone B? a. Tombstone A is composed of minerals less resistant to weathering than tombstone B. b. Tombstone A has undergone a longer period of weathering than tombstone B. c. Tombstone A experienced cooler temperatures than tombstone B. d. Tombstone A was exposed to less acid rain than tombstone B.
The diagram on the right shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart. The action of the root splitting the bedrock is an example of _____________. a. chemical weathering b. deposition c. erosion d. physical weathering
Which event is an example of chemical weathering? a. rocks falling off the face of a steep cliff b. feldspar in granite being crushed into clay-sized particles c. water freezing in cracks in a roadside outcrop d. acid rain reacting with limestone bedrock
The cross section below shows the movement of wind-driven sand particles that strike a partly exposed basalt cobble located at the surface of a windy desert.
Which cross section best represents the appearance of this cobble after many years of exposure to the wind-driven sand? a. b. c. d. II. Restricted Essay
Additional Activity
Directions: Take photos of different examples of chemical and physical weathering happening around you and paste it in the space provided below. 5 points will be given for each photo. A maximum of 25 points will be given for this activity. 25