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FrosySTEM Pacis ila 45 Ecosystem fs clebined as habitet on the earth thet. *nelucler plank , animals ancl non-living substances which ®niteract with each other +0 procluce . material and that ean be enchangedt between, living and non-living components - (or) fin ecosystem “s a natural unit consist fing with each other. >) The term ecosysim wor given by “Tansey” . ng oh biole cincl abiotic conmmunites tnterac- OMPONENTS OF ECOeySTEM | | here cure two types of components ol ecosystem ie) (D Biotic component Ww AbioHe component W AbioHte component - AbioHic component o} ecosystem cue : 10) ght (i) Temperature (iii) Liined (w) later W gases (vi) Boil (ui) Humic (vil) Minerals i) Light | : hae Vght % the radiant ene a WwoveleRgth ©} 350mm to 150 nm- he quality ob light buuence the ‘living organism in Many ways these are @) Photos ynthes's - Light Ws necessary bor the pormation sh pood 8 ple , ' nk they convert Hight energy Snto chem: cal energy ancl store at me hood. H Hence oll organi sm depend on ligh? bor bovd. a) Pigmentation - Synthesis ef chlorophyll in teeives 4s controlled by fight, P GF also obbect the number, and orrungement os) chioropleat ray - Light which %& visible to us has \ (C) Growth - oer we, 3 . My plants light helps tn dipperentiaHion of, Jissue - sar Wight Stensiry camer the certaining eh fnitrnode , dmaller leave, ©) eH * pana more ru Ors» ani odeld don " ' “Chiy f) i Page= 2 pa (d) Meterbolism - ay , Q j nthears , Increase in the liyht tnienstty also @nepecues the rate eb ats ov ' , owls AY hight tniensity oh Ugh! the vate of respiration cute 0 an aa ving in dark the rate of metabolism “s relat vely "i (e) Transpiration ~ Fe tors of pater fn the hort 6) vopol! Prom thé aw leap % colle trovupireet on. High ght Intensity “nereaser the rote of dansptrasion - \(p) Flower'ing - Flowering ,én angiosperm depencs on photoperiod rigs On entra periocl the angidsperniic plants are chided tate three Aypes @ Short chewy - ‘ This plat fncluce powering when the photoperiock &s les than +he ortHeal limit: eg tobocro , thryscnthemum (sebati ) lon = this plant require o photoperiod more than eiHcal Umit . eq Roldish , spinach #Day neutral - Flowering fn this plant 4s nol cigbected by photopertoc!- is coon 5 tamato See eens - Seed which require light por their germination cre celled photo blast seecls Ih) Movement 2 ; Pant show bencling movement towarels the Nght |) 2s)oknown 04 photo- “es ropism + | Rooks show tne negative phototroptem ' Temperature \¢-° >) @ ts another ‘important ecologitat pector. Many physiological uncon hed on optimum demperature « ame et.” toons nur are a pe iH (a) Metabolism = All metubol’e vecietion Wke photasynthe sts” respira ys mt ; are controled ty engymes- gress Fs Pirestion sreinspirection “This ennymes ore apjected by temperature Paiog) ( Bot "i 1) Plowering - NM HH. tiny rf vw 4 r “ ’ « > Seuiig response to Yemperetture "s collec Thetmoperioeliarn tow Jempercutuye @ncluction eb plowering %s known o vernni%e lian Pe ba A ‘ Page>} c (vi | Set! s- ; : . >| O-porms the habitat ef al serrestrict organism ' >| Geil helps to anchor the plank: f os >| provides weer and minercils 4o the plant. >\ Boil ts alo the habitat ef many sr microorganim | (vii)| Humidity t ‘ nists ’ F >\Humidity %n the almosphere clfrecty fnpluence the rave eb water evaporation from the bocly ef cnimal eincl plant - i - >!Plants and animals both have various adopfation to survive tn dry condition. | =>| Algae , bryophytes and epiphyte. can grow only to humid creat - (vitt)) Mtnerals 2 Minerals are essential for oll orgunism deve are eapfa.ciculy emportant for plants which take them clivecHy ~ prom the soil “he availability ef thee esential minerals greaty ebbect the clfstibuton of organism Plants living Yn nitrogen cebbicient area hewe certeun adoptction for | obtaining t+ these “nctucle the association, with nitrogen piven. | Nitrogen phospherous cand poteusium cre the exental mineral nudtent for plant W Biotic hactors These are living component ef ecosystem. This are clivicdlecd tnto 3 groups & Producer WW) consumer WW) Decomposer . . v 1 Pe Pi? v a A) Producer - |» Proctucers are the organtsm which carry out photo synthests a andl hood by uttlizing energy brom. sunlight I Produce €g- Qreen plant anel Algae > Prockucers wie only smeut portion ef en which %s i obtai > The rest cumount ef energy stored dk ae al erg ? Producers d€pend directty on aboitic factors such f grat CU ou > Producers _oteupy the yi Hophkec tevet eh the eces se water ancl ¢, a Producers also culled 04 transdecots because they cenvort *nto chernicatl energy zc the solor energy (b) Consumer — > Consumes ore the organisms which. heel and clo Mivyt j — fhett nuttttive needs a } ‘ ap tnd on other Organism hor > Consumers are oh many fype that ts horbteopgs”. MR SB} sh tong #1 40 HebvrCreni Vomeh yee as ud Omnivores . 1 ‘ 1 hut ctasipied *nto three groups 1. Primary consumer 2. Setondery consumer ' 3. ter Herky consumer . 3 Page -S wv 1. Primary Consumer - Pimary consumers depend! direcHy on producers for pooel They are clso coutecl cs herbivores eg > Cows Rabbit , deer, goat etc- Bf 2. Berondary Consumer - hese cre the consumers which obtain there food dlirecHy from herbivores These are also ccllecl ws first order carnivore eq > Frog » Smoke , snail, small fishes Fox , birds , 10 kel , human being 3. TerHary Consumer? Top carnivore - These organisms clerive thetr ood) prom secondary consumer Og> Tiger, tion, crotoctite, becur, large carnivores fish (€) Decomposer - > There are the organism which peeel upon the deccl boctier or decaying mater bh other organism: > These organisms convert decomposed) complex ergante matter snto simpler Snorganic compounds - > “These organisms therepore helps in the reclying oh materials ewith’n an ecosystem - f 24 Bacteria > hung! > fis the cecomposers feecl on the cleac! boclies ef other organisms they ave also knowr as scavengers of Detrivores. 7 Decomposers ore the priencl of eros stem) ifien 6} on organ tin Food chain ¢ @n an ecosyst “The chain oh organism are dipherent trophfe_tevel tn which organisms are “| tinkedl togethor for thelr food requirement ts called at food chafn >| ton bottler euprered ar a sequence op eater being eaten. 1 A food chain -2n On ecosystem represent the plow ef energy and mafer Yodurer —> Rimar —> Setondory _. Tortlary tonsumer yy” consumer consumer om » Grass <> Qrassopor > Frog > snake «> Hawk ie vr ia urko plenons® ty Page> + a WW Primeury proderctfvity — > Pimory production fs debinecl o& the amount eh blom i matter procducecl per untf aren © b tab Ta walla? oh photoaynthests p t ver a #Hme period boy plants during —> Primary proclucHivity hor two cupects W) Cross primary productivity (are) i) Net primary productivity (NPP) G) Cross prion procure Hv ry (upp) 7 Tt ts the total amount of energy or organit food produced tn an Ti iat brom producers In unth dime %s catlect as GPP - + O& ‘“nclucles organte matter usecl tn respfrcetion also - (ii) Net primary produc tivi Hy (np) 7 Gis the amount oh stored organic matter in plant epter respiration. utilfsaHon. [NPP = GPP- R| (R= Respiration + metabolism ) {ape = NPP ER WW Getonclary productivity 4 ——— V > aaa produchiv? ts the rete of bormation ef organic moHer by consumer pbion' > lhen ,peod ts utilised by consumers the energy cusimilaHon process oceur again in thetr bodly ft the trophfc level of consumer the rete at whith foocl and energy s casstmiloecl %s coltecl as setonclory procluc Hvity . PELom posi T10N Decornposers breakclown the complex organism or organic Meters nto inorganic Substances (7ke carbon dioufcle , H,0 and nutrient thes proess % callecl out decomposiH 04 Dead plunt remains such ws leaves, bark blowers and dead maters of ommal Snelucer faecal matters constitute detritus. lohich ts dhe reuw marcel for eKromposer- “The upper layer of, sof! % the matin site wbor decompostion “a the ecosystem. ioe The ‘enportnt stems tn tne process of decomposiHon are le Fragmentation Qs leaching 3 Catabolicm YW Hye picaHon : 6. Miner alisaHon wa) Paget 1 | > > > > 1+ Fragmentation => THe detrivores peed on cleteftex and brecuk LUE Cato boltsn LERERUY BLOM! 44 ae emallar, parvtcles thi, *s known 03 hragmentetion « %5 greatly Oncreoul ed . > Due to braqmen tation the surpare area of dette, We Leachin ‘nttatel pee ‘ / . + préctpi tate > inter Yoluble ‘norganic nutrients go down @nto +he soi! and Femme! p! eure, ra r o 9 ° > BacterPal ancl pungal agi ati the detritus, into Sirap'e wnorgane Substances thts process % known catabolism. # G4 % Ymportent to note treet atl the above process opercrte Sirmul fenous ly on the detrttu . 'n decompesition iv. Hundt picouton > Catabolism helps %n humibicaton und mineralisation. > Humipfeation leads +o accumulation ey dark teloured’ amorphous substances collect humus ?Humus %s highly resistant to microbial acHon (> @+ enriches the soil Cy Mineraltsecton The humus &s further deqracecl ond releases the inorg soil ond atmosphere this protets eo known cA mineralisation, anie nutrenk to the The flow ef energy from one trophic level 40 another trophic level by mecuns eh food % known a eneryy plow in an ecosystem . 4 Bolor energy ts uli lised by green plant or producers From producers +his ene 0 4 pevensrasi Gy Hansher feck tay sine Primary consumer. (.e , From herbivores He energy “is Hansherred to th i e ° secondary Bi drde and yo En. be newt trophic level op Energy plow in an ecosystem ts uniclfrectionad eC i] 1O/- Rute o- The large amount ef energy t lost oF each trophte te P Slow. vel during energy Gt % estimated thet 80 - IO. of energy ts . lost ni Sach trophie tevel Only about toy. en ts Hansherred trom on ‘ h one Mrs 4s ic a loys energy blow ee i tO next trv phi Put Uedeman —-_ . Paget | | \ W Pyremid eh number WW Pyramid ef biomes iia Pyramid of energy () Pyramid of number - fhe produ. | > This cd represents the numerteal retatfonsifp among. 08 Procite | * mM ond tonsumer i an ecosy ste voduser, are ver > In an erosystem the number eb ore eres Ys Joss thanthe procducer$- tighter ‘scree re luoays ,in number andl aun grassland ecosystem producets ol i ears are airs lessQr. Hence, In an. ecesyster grelt 4 gre pyramtd gh no: ts always upright - high andl number ) n ¢ fBeconedany | f v ; i consumer “ | / Primary consumer s Te i ( Herbivore) Producer ( Pyremta 6) number ) S in porest etosyshem and’ ponel ecosystem the pyrcemid of number % cso upright * n) Pyramid of biomass >Re pyramrel oh) biomass represent the total weight eh riving malb present at each trophic level of the food a b liv 19 mau kr >I% one move prom bee to apex then one can eh biomass at each trophic fovel, biel greclucl (aas s Ld In water etosyskem -the first trophic level gy % eccupied- by phytoplanktons : me second frophit Jevel %s otcupiect by the. xo0planktons- The Jnircl trophic fevel ts oecuplect by primary consumers euch od small flshes ,%nsect ete, 9 44 ia.’ > The apex or the youth trophic level. % : * tas, \ even ductly Ccupl ed hy forge . ie, the hase §o, % We aquotte ecosystem The pyreamPel bromaut but, tn forest ecosystem and webland.eoxgsiem sh yer 
