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ED 335 189 RC 018 275
AUTHOR (^) Phipps, Maurice L. TITLE (^) Definitions of Outdoor Recreation and Other Associated Terminology. PUB DATE 91 NOTE 10p.; In: Employee Preparation towards 2001. National Conference for Outdoor Leaders, Public, Commercial, and Non-Profit Partnerships. 1990 Conference Proceedings; see RC 018 274. PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150)
EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from LDRS. DESCRIPTORS (^) *Adventure Education; *Definitions; Enviroamental Education; Experiential Learning; *Outdoor Activities; *Outdoor Education; *Recreation; Tourism IDENTIFIERS Natural Resources Management; *Outdoor Recreation; Wilderness Education
ABSTRACT This document defines terms related to outdoor recreation: (1) outdoor recreation includes activities that occur outdoors in an urban and man-made environment as well as those activities traditionally associated with the natural environment; (2) outdoor education is education in, about, and for the outdoors; (3) environmental education is an integrated process that deals with man's interrelationship with his natural and man-made surroundings; (4) wilderness education is learning to use the wilderness with so little disturbance that the signs of our passing will be healed by the seasonal rejuvenation of nature; (5) experiential education is often used synonymously with adventure education or outdoor pursuits; (6) outdoor pursuits are those activities that entail moving across natural land and/or water resources by non-mechanized means of travel; (7) adventure education is outdoor pursuits that apply stress to or challenge the participants purposefully; (8) wilderness recreation and pursuits are activities that involve the use and appreciaticn of natural resources and that rely on values of wildness for fulfillment of its purposes; (9) tourism is the interaction of business suppliers, host governments, and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting tourists and other visitors; and (10) commercial recreation is the wholesaling and retailing of leisure experiences and products. (KS)
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U.
DEFINITIONSOFOUTDOORRECREATIONANDOTHER
ASSOCIATEDTERMINOLOGY
By
MauricePhipps
"PERMISSIONTOREPRODUCETHIS MATERIALINMICROFICHEONLY HASBEENGRANTEDBY eab).
TOTHEEDUCATIONALRESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER(ERIC)" OutdoorRecreation
Ofbce01EducationalResearchandImprovement^ U.S.DEPARTMENTOFEDUCATION EDUCATIONALRESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER(ERIC)
/ThisdOCumenthasbeenreproducedas receivedfromthepersonororganization
originatingit rMinorchangeshavebeenmadetoimprove reproductionquality Pointsolvieworopinionss.stedin!hiedocu. mentdonotnecessarilyrepresentofficial OERIpositionorpolicy
ThedefinitionusedbytheOutdoorRecreationResourcesReviewCommission (ORRRC)in1962wasasfollows:
C:n (^) "Outdoorrecreation"isnotdefinedbystatute, legislativehistory,oradministrative (^00) regulation.TheNationwidePlan, therefore,interpretsthetermbroadly.Forthe 1i (^) purposesofthe NationwidePlan,outdoorrecreationincludestheseactivitiesthat it.rD occuroutdoorsinan urbanandman-madeenvironmentaswellasthoseactivities
traditionallyassociatedwiththenaturalenvironment.Withtheadventof
.7t4: indoor-outdoorfacilities,suchasconvertible skatingrinksandswimmingpools,an additionaldimensionhasbeenaddedtothecomplexofareasandfacilities encompassedinthetermoutdoorrecreation. (FordandBlanchard,1985,p.2)
Thisbroaddefinitioniswiderthansomeoutdoorrecreatorscanaccept,although looldngatthecontentofthemorerecentPresident'sCommissionOnAmericansOutdoors (1986),thesamedefinitionwasused.Carlson(1960)suggestedadefinitionthatismore acceptabletosomebutismore limiting:"Outdoorrecreationisanyenjoyableleisure-time activitypursuedoutdoorsorindoors involvingknowledge,use,t,r appreciationofnatural resources,"(FordandBlanchard,1985,p.2).
However,thisexcludessuchrecreationasskiingandgolfwhich requiresmodifying thenaturallandscape. Therefore,thisdefinitionistoonarrowadefinitiontousein discussingtheintegrationofcommercial, public,andnon-profitpartnerships.A simple
definitionbyKnudson(1984),"Outdoorrecreationiscommonlyreferredtointermsof
activitiesofarecreationalnature conductedintheopenair"(p.23), leadstotheproblemof definingthetermrecreation.Recreation isdenvedfromtheLatinwordrecreare, which 4meanstocreateanew,tobecomerefreshedandinvigo,ratedtheactofrecreatingorrebirth (Jenson,1985).Jensongivessome typicalphrasesusedtoexplainrecreation:
1.Thepleasurableandconstructiveuse ofleisuretime.
2.Activitythatrestsonefrom work,oftenbyprovidinga changeordiversion.
- Activitiesinwhichweengage becauseofinnerdesire andnotbecauseofouter compulsion.
BESTCOPYAVAILABLE
DEFINITIONS5.
OutdoorEducation
OutdooreducationasdefinedintheUSAusuallyisusedinconnectionwiththe environmentandnaturestudythoughissometimes morebroadlyusedtoincludeoutdoor pursuitsactivitiessuchassailing,climbing,kayakingetc.Ford(1981) usesthedefinition "Outdooreducationiseducationin,aboutandfortheoutdoors"(p.12).Fordfurther elucidatesthemeaningofFortobe:
Foruse oftheoutdoors wiseuseforleisurepursuits wiseuseforeconomicpurposes Forunderstanding theoutdoors understandingtherelationshipsofnatural resourcestoworldsurvival understandingtheimportanceofasenseofstewardship understandingourhistoricalandculturalheritage(asreadinthe outdoors) understandingtheaestheticsoftheoutdoors
Insummary,outdooreducationmaybeviewedas aprocess,aplace,a
purpose,and/oratopic.(p.13)
IntheUnitedKingdomandAustraliathetermovtdooreducationisused more synonymouslywithoutdoorpursuitsoradventureeducation.
EnvironmentalEducation
Ford(1981)explainsthatenvironmentaleducationis anexpansionofoutdoor educationwhichisbroaderandall-inclusivetoincludeurbanaswellasnaturalenvironments. FordusesthedefinitionfromtheEnvironmentalEducationActof1970whichstates:
Environmentaleducationisanintegratedprocesswhichdealswithman's interrelationshipwithhisnaturalandman-madesurroundings,includingtherelation ofpopulationgrowth,pollution,resourceallocationanddepletion,conservation, technology,andurbanandruralplanningtothetotalhumanenvironment. Environmentaleducationisastudyofthefactorsinfluencingecosystems,mentaland physicalgrowth,livingandworkingconditions,decayingcities,andpopulations pressures.Environmentaleducztionisintendedtopromoteamongcitizensthe awarenessandunderstandingoftheenvironment,ourrelationshiptoit,andthe concernandresponsibleactionnecessarytoassureoursurvivalandtoimprovethe qualityoflife.(p.14)
Wildernesseducationis"learningtousethewildernesswithsolittledisturbancethat thesignsofourpassingwillbehealedby theseasonalrejuvenationofnature."(Petzoldt, 1984,p.263).Petzoldtsuggestedthatmorewasneededthanthepassingofthe WildernessAct"Wheretheearthanditscommunityoflifeareuntrammeledbyman,and wheremancanhavesolitudeasaprimitiveandunconformedtypeofrecreation"(p.263).
Neitherwererestrictingvisitornumbersoraccesstocertaintrailsandcamps.Petzoldt
suggestedthateducationwasnecessaryforthe conservationoftheoutdoorsandassistedwith thedevelopmentofacurriculumdesignedtoenablethesafe(environmentalandphysical)use ofthewilderness.Thiscurriculum included:judgement,leadership,expeditionbehavior, environmentalethics,basiccampingskills,rations,equipment,clothing,healthand sanitation,traveltechniques,navigation,weather, firstaidandemergencyprocedures, naturalandcuturalhistory,specializedtravel/adventureactivities,groupprocess and communicationskills,tripplanning,andevaluation(Petzoldt,1984).
ExperientialEducation
InhisintroductiontotheTheory ofEverienzialEducation,Kraft(1985)quotedE.F. Schumacher,apatronsaintoftheenvironmentalandexperientialeducationmovements: "Whentheavailable'spiritual'isnotfilledbysomehighermotivationsthen itwill necessarilybefilledbysomethinglower--thesmall,mean,calculatingattitudetolife whichis rationalizedintheeconomiccalculus." (p.1)
Kraftaskswhetherwehaveloweredoursightsandbeguntouseonlytheeconomic calculusofwhichSchumacherspeaks indecidingthedirectionforthefutureofexperiential
educationinsteadofKurtHahn'scommitments:servicetoone'sneighbor,thecauseof
internationalpeace,andthedevelopmentofmorallyresponsiblemenandwomen. He illustratesinhischapter,"TowardsaTheoryofExperientialLearning,"theintricaciesofthe learnbydoingphilosophythroughtheideasofRousseau,Dewey,Plato, Aristotle,Mao Tse-Tung,Friere,Hahn,Piaget, Montessori,andothers,butmakesthestatement that:
Deweywouldbridleattheextremeindividualismofmanyoftoday'sexperiential
educators,whoappeartoemphasizethe individual,almostmysticalexperience, of
themountaintop,asopposedtothebuildingofamoredemocraticsociety,oneof Dewey'scontinuingthemes.(p.13)
Thetermexperientialeducationisoftenusedsynonymouslywitnadventureeducation oroutdoorpursuits/activitiesintheUSAinparticularwithOutwareBoundtypecourses.
Outdoorpursuits
Thetermoutdoorpursuitsiswidelyappliedtothoseactivitieswhichentail moving
acrossnaturallandand/orwaterresourcesbynon-mechanizedmeansoftravel.This
_ 5
3.FrontierAdventure.Thestagebeyondandoftenjustbeyondstage2.Theperson
hasfearofphysicalharm,orpsychologicalstressandnolonger feelsmasterofthe
situation.Withluckandconsiderableefforthecanovercomethesituation. Thereisa
definitedegreeofuncertaintyastotheoutcome.Hemayhave feelingsofelation
aftertheexperience.
- Misadventure. Thisisthefinalstage--outofcontrol. Inultimateformtheresult isdeath.Inbetweendeathand seriousinjuryononehandandfrontieradventureon theother,therearevaryingdegreesofbothphysicalandpsychologicaldamage. Itis possibletoexperiencemisadventure withoutphysicalinjuryandin mildcasesthe learningexperiencemaybeofvalue; however,fearcanbeofanextremenatureand whereitleadstopanicandterror itisunjustifiableineducationalterms.
WildernessRecreation/Pursuits
Miles(1988)states:
. .weengageinoutdooractivitiesduringourleisuretimewhichinvolvestheuse and appreciationofnaturalresources. Further,muchofouractivityreliesinwholeor partonvaluesofwildness;orfulfillmentofitspurposes. Thesevaluesare naturalness,freedomfromconventionalrestraint,primitiveness,solitude,and challenge.Theactivitiesare undertakenvoluntarilyfortheirown sake,andlargely involvetravelbynon-mechanizedmerais, Theobjectivesoftheactivitiesmay include personalgrowthandarethuseducational,buttheprincipal aimsaretouseleisure timeforenjoymentand tulfillment.Thelinebetween educationandrecreationis indistinct.Theprincipalvehiclesofourexperiencearesuchactivitiesas mountaineering,backpacking,riverandseacanoeingandkayaking,riverrafting, cross-countryskiing,and sailing.Ouractivitiesgenerally propelusawayfrom
centersofhumanntivity, butwecannotuseourpacks andboatstoentirelyescape
theeffectsofhumanenterprise. (p.1)
Tourism
Tourismcanbedefinedas"Thesum ofthtphenomenaandrelationshipsarisingfrom theinteractionoftourists,businesssuppliers,hostgovernments, andhostcommunitiesin
the
processofattractingandhostingthesetourists andothervisitors"(McIntosh andGoeldner,
1986,p.4). Adventuretravel isanaspectoftourimDickerman (1978)explains:
Adventuretravel,itshouldberemembered,isforanyonewithanadventurousand
inquisitivespirit. Itbearslittleresemblencetothedeluxetour.Dependingupon
the
runednessoftheexpedition,yotmayhavetoputupwithblisteringsunorchilling
cold. .. ifyouhaveneverjourneyedontrekspov,,redbyhorse, mule,burro,paddle, pole,windwateroryourowntwcifeet... stillyoucansafelyventureon these
expeditionsinthewild. Outfittersandotherservices makeitpossible. (p.7.)
7
Eco-tourismiscloselyalignedwithadventuretravel.Thetrendisbasedonpeople wantingtocollectexperiencesratherthanmaterialgoods.Eco-tourismdefinedbysally RanneyinTourandTravelNewsis:
...value-addedtourism,dedicatedtopreservingand financiallysupportingthe environmentwhilecreatingrevenuebytappingthehigherspendingnaturetraveller. Eco-tourismistheconceptthateconomicactivities(eco-revenues) generatedbynature attractions,naturalsystems,andwildcreatureswillstimulateprotectionofresources forthepurposeofsustainingrenewablenaturetraveldollarswhichmightotherwisebe developedordestroyedthroughimpropermanagementorshort-termexploitive resourcedevelopment.
CQwigs.' lajgreigg_tikll
Commercialrecreation/leisureservicesnotonlyinvolve thecreationofactivities,
programs,andfacilities(the "leisureexperience"itself),butalsomayinvolvethe wholesalingandretailingofleisureexperiencesandproducts(BullaroandEdginton,1986).
NaturalResourceManagementandRoxreation
Knudson(1984)notesthatnomoreistheoccasionalhikerorthelonehuntsmanusing theforestandtherange.Todaytherearemassesofpeopleandwithoutmanagement,mass usepreemptssustaineduse. AgG.'oftherecreationresourcemanager inmostagenciesisto provideexperiencesonasustainedbasis.
TheU.S.ForestServicehasusedaclassificationthatdividesrecreationparticipation intothreecatagories(Jensen,1985):
Primitiverecreationinvolves(a)basicoutdoorskills,(b)achievementofsatisfying outdoorexperienceswithoutmechanizedaccessby theuser,(c)minimumcontrolsand restrictionsontheuseofnaturalresources,and(d)a feelingofclosenesstonature andisolationfromcivilization.
Intermediaterecreationalpursuitsinclude:(a)outdoorskillsatamoderatelevel,(b) enoughcontrolsandrestrictionstoprovideasenseofattachmentandsecuritywhile theparticipantstillhasanadequateamountoffreedom,(c)2balancebetweenbeing closetonatureandexperiencingsocial interchange,and(d)opportunitiesto participateinsmallgroupsanduseskillssuchasrockclimbing,organized backpacking,cross-countryskiing,andcanoeing.
Modernrecreationalactivitiesinvolve:(a)a feelingofbeingassociatedwithnature butnotclosetoit,(b)extensiveopportunitiestouse outdoorskillsindevelopedor supervisedareassuchasalpineskiing, picnicking,organizedcamping,andsupervised waterfrontactivities,includingwaterskiing,boating,andswimming,(c)feelingsof bi
McIntosh,R.W.andGoeldner,C.R.(1986)Tourism:Principles,practices,philosphies.
NewYork:JohnWileyandSons,Inc.
Miles,J.C.(1988).Environmentalissuesandoutdoorrecreation: theprivilegeandthe obligation.InJ.Cederquist(ed.).Proceedingsofthe1986CoriferenceonGutdoor Recreation,DavisCalffornia. SaltLakeCity,Utah:UniversityofUtah.
Mortlock,C.(1983).Theadventurealternative.Milnthorpe,Cumbria,U.K.:Cicerone
Press.
Petzoldt,P.(1984).Thenewwildernesshandbook.NewYork:W.W.Nortonand
Company
Phipps,M.L.(1986).Anassessmentofasystematicapproachtoteachingoutdoor leadershipinexpeditionsettings. DoctoralDissertation.UniversityofMinnesota.
President'sCommissiononAmericansOutdoors.(1986).Aliteraturereview.Washington, DC:U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice.
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