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EDF 6222 Final
psychophysical parallelism - correct answer While some methodological behaviorists accept that there are mental states, they have ruled them completely out of consideration. This is not a new concept and was once referred to as. methodological - correct answer behaviorism might be thought of as a psychological version of logical positivism or operationism. introspection - correct answer Structuralism relied on , which looked inward to describe sensations, images, and feelings philosophy - correct answer "Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the of that science" (Skinner, 1974. p.3). parsimony - correct answer With , we look for the simplest explanation possible, not extensive mentalistic explanations. bias, evidence, replication - correct answer In order to be excellent stewards of science, as behavior analysts, we can follow a few guidelines when gathering and evaluating evidence. This includes reducing ___ by ensuring interobserver agreement, examining for actual (as opposed to effects that could have produced changes without the intervention), ___ , and self-correction. evidence - correct answer Being scientifically skeptical means that until there is available, assumptions should not be made. science, lawful relations - correct answer " is more than the mere description of events as they occur. It is an attempt to discover order, to show that certain events stand in ___ to other events (Skinner, 1953, p.6)." mentalistic, explanatory - correct answer In Pavlov's early research, he did not jump to conclusions to suggest that the dog was "thinking" of food, and therefore salivating. Instead, he
carefully controlled conditions that allowed him to show that particular stimuli can "acquire" the ability to elicit secretion. His careful analysis of the scientific method allowed him to avoid both ___ and ___ fictions debilitating - correct answer The evolutionary explanation for reflexes indicates that they are for the survival of the organism. However, we know all too well that sometimes responses can be conditioned that serve no purpose - even add a __ purpose - to our complex lives. conditioning, stimulus control, novel - correct answer Skinner (1953) informed us "Although the process of __ greatly extends the scope of the eliciting stimulus, it does not bring all the behavior of the organism within such __ "(p. 56). Conditioning can add numerous different eliciting stimuli, but it will never fashion a __ response. prediction, control, accessible - correct answer According to Skinner, contingencies of reinforcement have an edge over contingencies of survival because contingencies of reinforcement "Have the edge with __ and __ and the conditions under which a species acquires behavior are relatively __ and can often be manipulated". ontogeny - correct answer is the learned behaviors of a particular animal during its lifetime. phylogeny - correct answer is behaviors that have been passed down over the lifetime of the entire species. chain, learned - correct answer It can be difficult to distinguish between ontogenetic and phylogenic established behaviors. For a person viewing a complex __ for the first time, it may seem mysterious. But each step of the chain can be traced back to the shaping process. Just because the shaping process was not observed, it does not mean that it was not . However, when we view a spider spin a web "no comparable history can be invoked" to determine the phylogenic contingencies at work (Skinner, 1966, p.1208). genes, environment, cause - correct answer Moore (2015) stated " __ predispose an individual's susceptibility to influence from the __ (p. 27). We must be careful not to assert that genes " " behavior; rather, they set up the physical basis for the processes and structures that participate in behavior. Behavior still occurs in the context of the environment.
response - correct answer Because we cannot predict a __ that has already occurred, we posit that similar responses in the future will occur. Hence, operant response class was born. extinction, sooner - correct answer Resistance to __ cannot be determined without an accurate account of the reinforcement history. So, responses that were not reinforced for very long will be extinguished __ than those with a longer history of reinforcement. functional relationship - correct answer We can define purpose behaviorally by suggesting that there is a __ between the behavior and the environment and the consequences can chain together in numerous ways indefinitely. Purpose, is not a mental phenomenon that influences future behavior. effective, increases - correct answer Lattal reminded us that " __ reinforcers" is redundant. The very nature of the definition is that if it __ behavior, it is therefore a reinforcer. An "ineffective" reinforcer does not exist. repertoire, socially appropriate, spontaneously - correct answer Various verbal communities will influence the __ of the speaker. This is not only how we acquire different languages and various dialects, but also what is __. Although the verbal repertoire is shaped by the audience, once established, verbal behavior can occur __ without any environmental support. communication, vocal - correct answer Often in the field of behavior analysis, practitioners will call a client "nonverbal". To indicate this would eradicate the possibility of any mode of communication, including gestures, signs, picture exchange communication, etc. __ should be defined by whether or not the behavior of the speaker is reinforced by the listener. A child can ask for "cookie" by vocalizing, signing, gesturing, grabbing, etc. What practitioners usually mean when they say "non- verbal" is "non- __ ", meaning spoken language is not used to communicate. responses, listener - correct answer Meanings of words are actually contingencies that have been shaped by the listener and their __. The repertoires between the speaker and the listener are different unlike psychological views of "meaning" in which we "impart" our knowledge to the __
behavior analysis - correct answer Something peculiar occurs when we record or write our language - the entire __ is unavailable. Examining written sentences and linguistic limericks are irrelevant, because they are not reflective of a relevant analysis stimulus control - correct answer More complex language (sentences, etc.) can simply be explained by __ , as opposed to referent. Referents often mean that every term must have an entity to which it corresponds (Moore, p. 35). This is problematic, as it unleashes a plethora of [mentalistic] explanations. Again, sticking with parsimony, we see that the stimuli in the environment fashion under which circumstances particular verbal behavior will occur. Ogden Lindsley - correct answer __ created precision teaching that adhered to BF Skinner's rate of response and cumulative response recording to measure behavior. universal datum, dimension - correct answer Lindsley reviewed the impression that the rate of response (or - more simply and allowable - frequency) had on him, indicating that it was "much more than Skinner's __ " it was actually "a __ of behavior" (p.254). 10, 100 - correct answer Lindsley (see also Johnston & Pennypacker, 1980) stressed that frequency data was __ to __ times more sensitive to programming changes than percentage correct. curricula, science, logarithmic - correct answer Precision teaching is a method that adjusts the __ for each learner to maximize learning based on their own celeration chart. Lindsley aimed to put "__ in the hands of students and teachers" and created the standard celeration chart, a __ chart that visually aligns learner goals and progress with fluency (Binder, 1989, p.12). reinforcing, knowledge - correct answer "A well-designed lesson can be highly __ not because students are getting rewards, but simply because they are frequently able to demonstrate their __ ". behavior, affecting, private - correct answer "When we say that __ is a function of the environment, the term "environment" means any event in the universe capable of __ the organism.. .a small part of this universe is __ (Skinner, 1953, p.257).
form of behavior in the __, what is causing them to engage in some form of behavior currently and what is likely to cause them to engage in some form of behavior in the future" (p.54). private events, control - correct answer Luckily, __ are rarely crucial in the practical __ of human behavior phantom limb - correct answer A __ is an arm or a leg that lingers indefinitely in the minds of patients long after it has been lost. inventions, behaving, mind - correct answer Skinner (1974) stated, "mental life and the world in which it is lived are __. Thinking is __.The mistake is in allocating the behavior to the __(p. 115). covert, taught, improved - correct answer Application of a behavioral analysis to other __ behaviors such as discrimination, decision-making, and concept formation not only elucidates process by which these behaviors are learned, it also allows for further investigation into how such behaviors might be __ and __. mentalistic explanations, response, change, histories - correct answer Recall is another complex behavior addressed in Skinner's writings that has addressed by __ It is incorrect to presume that the __ we eventually emit is somehow "stored" somewhere inside of us. In addition, "the contingencies which affect an organism are not stored by it; they simply __ it" (1974, p. 121). Instead, the response exists in our -[response] and the contingencies exist in our learning __, and we are able to emit the response when we manipulate conditions relevant to it. " emitted, terminal, probable - correct answer The essential nature of a problem is that a response exists in some strength but it cannot be emitted. The solution to a problem is a response which alters a situation so that a response can be __. Problem solving is not emitting the __ response, however, it is the manipulation that occurs that makes that response more __. Such manipulation can include examining the problem thoroughly, stating the problem in its clearest terms, or trying tentative solutions and examining the results. verbal response, stimulus, response generalization - correct answer The notion of "having an idea" has a similar behavioral analysis: a __exists with some strength in the repertoire of the individual, and is emitted via manipulation of some features of the environment that make the response more likely, in combination with __ and __ that make the response appear novel.
self, external, function - correct answer "The __ is most commonly used as a hypothetical cause of action. So long as __ variables go unnoticed or are ignored, their __ is assigned to an originating agent within the organism. If we cannot show what is responsible for a man's behavior, we say that he himself is responsible for it" (Skinner, 1953, p. 283). variability, environment - correct answer The concept of "self" is better considered as a [functionally unified]set of responses. Conceiving of "the self" or "personality" as a set of responses more readily allows for the __ in responding that may result from variability in the __. controlling, reasoning - correct answer Self-knowledge and self-awareness are two related themes worthy of investigating via a behavior analytic perspective. Self-knowledge is the awareness of one's own behavior as well as the analysis of the __ variables of one's own behavior. This analysis is also considered " __" about one's own behavior rules, contingencies - correct answer Because __ can usually be learned faster than an individual can contact the contingencies responsible for shaping new behavior, rules have become an important part of social, verbal communities. Commands, directions, instructions, proverbs, laws, customs, and folktales all convey a statement of __ of rules regarding expected behavior and the reinforcement or punishment that may follow certain behaviors. accidental - correct answer By obeying laws we avoid punishment, without ever having to contact that specific punishment Superstitious behavior arises from - __ contingencies, but it illustrates that reinforcement is effective even if it isn't related to the behavior it follows. language - correct answer Unique to humans is the ability for __ to further influence superstitious behavior. interval, ratio, reinforcement - correct answer Time based schedules are equivalent to __ schedules. You can simply wait around after a behavior and still receive reinforcement. Work based schedules are equivalent to __ schedules. You must work to obtain reinforcement and the faster, harder, and more frequent you work, the more __ that will come your way fixed, brain - correct answer As Schneider reiterated, __ schedules are rare in the natural environment. This is one explanation as to why mentalistic properties (such as intrinsic motivation) continue to be used by psychologists. Because they cannot "see" the schedules of
environment, physiological, conditioned - correct answer Respondent conditioning can be responsible for fatalities related to drug use, especially if the drug is ingested in the same __. When the drug user goes to a regular place to ingest drugs, the body makes __ changes to prepare for the drug. This allows for tolerance because the environment becomes a __ stimulus. conditioned - correct answer Drug tolerance can cause the user to increase to dosages that are fatal. Or, if the person uses the drug in a new environment, but at the same level, the __ stimulus is removed and the body does not adequately prepare for the ingestion of drugs. food aversion, saccharin - correct answer While exploring __ in mice, Dr. Ader used a substance called cyclophosphamide to induce vomiting. Slowly, he added saccharin to the mixture. After the quantity of saccharin increased, he slowly started to remove the cyclophosphamide. Not only did __ alone induce vomiting, but it surprisingly also caused suppression of the immune system
- another side effect of long term usage of cyclophosphamide! escape-extinction, respondent conditioning - correct answer It has been estimated that typically developing children might need between 10 to 20 presentations of food, while a child on the spectrum may need 50 - 100 presentations (other researchers estimate more!). Unfortunately, a lot of interventions so far have included __ (i.e., the presentation of the food only goes away when they accept a bite). This aversive intervention is a recipe for disaster if you consider food aversion and __. antecedent, high-p, easy, generalized - correct answer Fryling et al. established an __ -based intervention for food selectivity using the __ sequence. Benefits of this intervention included that it was __ to implement, that parents were much more comfortable implementing this intervention, and that increased food acceptance __ to other environments. 1/5th - correct answer The US Office of Technology Assessment estimates that only __ of modern medical treatments in common use have been proved as effective. Hart and Risley (1995) - correct answer Hart and Risley (1995) demonstrated that although children from different backgrounds typically develop language around the same age, the rate of vocabulary growth is related to the number of words spoken to the children by their parents. By age four, a child from a welfare-recipient family could have heard 32 million fewer words than a classmate from a professional family.
attention, generalized reinforcer - correct answer "When we focus our attention on each other, another role becomes evident: __ is a powerful consequence in itself. Among friends, attention is a __ associated with all sorts of other good things." thicker - correct answer When one schedule is substantially __ than the other, only that one supports observing. impaired, attention - correct answer Henkel says her students' memories were __ because relying on an external memory aid means you subconsciously count on the camera to remember the details for you. Behaviorally, this means that our ___ was placed on the camera, instead of the image we were trying to capture punishment, reinforcement, increase - correct answer Our verbal repertoires tend not to be fluent with identifying what people are doing correctly. We are far quicker to provide negative feedback (which usually serves as ___ ) than to offer specific praise or directives on what to do correctly (which usually serves as ____). But remember, this does nothing to ____ an appropriate repertoire and in general is not very nice! ignoring, substance abuse - correct answer Parenting can be difficult for many reasons. As Kazdin and Rotell explained, parents are faced with decisions that have immediate or long- term effects and possible side effects of their choices. Although ____ the unwanted behavior and finding ways to encourage its positive opposite will be most effective in the long run, this approach doesn't always satisfy the overwhelming short-term urge to act now. Schneider reminded us that refraining from this impulse can reduce serious behaviors such as vandalism, tantrums, and ___ spoiled, 5, 1 - correct answer Unfortunately, social media has disseminated many articles that suggest excessive praise is ___ children and shaping behaviors that promote "helplessness", "unnecessarily high egos", and "unaccountability in children". However, it is not too much praise that is the problem. According to research mentioned throughout Scheider's book, we should aim to maintain a :_ ratio of positive to negative verbal behavior (verbal behavior - not just vocal!) empty, warranted, specific, generic - correct answer The problem with praise is ___ verbal praise. If no pre-existing relationship (think stimulus control) exists between you and a child (or anyone for that matter), your words are mostly meaningless. Let us say you DO have a relationship with the child - verbal praise for something that was not ____ is likely to have reverse effects. Typically (though not always) when you are administering verbal praise when it is not warranted, it tends to be
learning, abilities, contingencies - correct answer According to Moore, for behavior analysts, education involves arranging contingencies that facilitate ____. Behavior analysts also avoid making internal attributions about supposed underlying ___ of students, which means behavior analysts do not see themselves as gatekeepers in the educational process; rather, the look at the ___ of the learning situation to understand why learning has or has not taken place. mental illness - correct answer Moore reviewed how some of the very first human applications of operant conditioning actually derived from those diagnosed with a ___ mentalistic, unobservable - correct answer Traditional viewpoints to serving the mentally ill often involve ____ explanations of ____ causes (such as malfunctions of the body) that are only inferred by observable behavior. In other words, mental illnesses are caused by something inside the person - an underlying pathology much like we consider with other medical conditions caused by bacteria or virus. From the viewpoint of behavior analysis, of course, the root cause is the interaction with the environment. social - correct answer The best explanation to why therapy works sometimes is we all want ___ reinforcement. staff, coercive - correct answer A lot of clinical work related to behavior problems that take place in institutional settings are facilitated mostly for the benefit of ___ and are unaware of the overuse of ___ measures. deprivation, timeout, pain, outcome - correct answer Reform in institutions tends to fail because interventions typically rely on physical facilities and administrative procedures. Misuse of reinforcement tends to utilize socially contrived ___. This intervention is essentially a ____ procedure and has been a widely accepted form of attempted punishment because it instills no ___; however, as Sidman eloquently stated, "The cruelty lies less in the method than in ___", (p. 259.) natural - correct answer Contrived deprivation should not be confused with ___ states of deprivation. For example, when working with a person on skill acquisition in which food is a strong reinforcer, we would be careful to schedule training times long after a meal or shortly before a scheduled meal. In this example, we are not contriving hunger - it is a natural occurrence.
appropriate, coercive - correct answer Once arrested and put in jail, the chances for repeat offense is great because, as discussed, our "rehabilitative" institutions do not rehabilitate. In other words, ___ behaviors are not shaped, ___ as measures do not provide reinforcement of adaptable skills. Attempts have failed at rehabilitation due to this misunderstanding of how appropriate repertoires are shaped. stimulus, coercive - correct answer Smith, Visher, and Davidson (1984) asserted that policing requires discretionary implementation of the law. The authors continued that execution has been a provocative topic since its inception (far older than the concept of race). The stature of power that one in uniform exerts over a citizen is a ___ that confounds the relationship between citizen and officer. As Zimbardo (2007) elaborated (regarding his famous Stanford prison experiments in 1971), "good" people can become agents of evil and innocent bystanders can succumb to a victim status rather quickly. Examples such as the Stanford prison experiments support the ___ nature that exists when one group of people exert power over others. pairing - correct answer A common theme among community policing is that they are not relying on coercive control - they are using tactics that shape appropriate behaviors and build "trust" by ____ pleasant actions with police officers. In short, this is the philosophy of behaviorism. Community demographics do not need to determine the level of crime. For example, in Camden, NJ, 40% of residents live below the poverty line and unemployment is double the National average (Zernike, 2014, August 31). practice, overgeneralization - correct answer Plant and Peruche expanded on simulated research in which participants were given an image of a non-descript object and had to identify whether to shoot or not to shoot. Images included both black and white suspects. While black suspects were accidentally shot on more occasions, the more ___ the participants had, the less likely they were to consider race as a variable (Plant and Peruche, 2005). As Schneider pointed out in her final chapter, prejudice and stereotypes are nothing more than ___- discrimination training could provide promising hope for reducing the number of minority deaths at the hands of police officers.
