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Edge Cities and Urban Development, Exams of Medicine

University of Liverpool Medicine

The concept of edge cities, which are defined as urban centers that have developed outside of traditional city boundaries, containing jobs, housing, shopping, entertainment, and office space in a spread-out form. It covers key legal cases, planning concepts, and regulatory tools related to edge city development, such as the ordinance of 1785, performance zoning, and overlay zones. The document also touches on topics like growth management, historic preservation, and public transit funding. Overall, this document provides a comprehensive overview of the planning and development issues surrounding edge cities, making it a valuable resource for students and professionals interested in urban planning, land use, and community development.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

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AICP Exam Prep 3.0 Questions with

Answers 2024

19. The New York Court of Appeals case Golden v. Planning Board of Town of Ramapo

(1972) resulted in an important decision in what area?

a. Exclusionary housing

b. Growth management

c. "Takings" claims

d. Environmental justice

✔ B. Ramapo, NY established a growth management system that awarded points to

development proposals based on the availability of public utilities, drainage facilities,

parks, road access, and firehouses.

1. The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 required local governments to address potential

hazards in a Hazard Mitigation Plan in order to remain eligible to receive certain federal

funds before and following federally-declared disasters. Your community has integrated

such a plan into the General Plan. Now the Safety Element of the General Plan is

expanded to cover the following: I. Natural hazards II. Man-made hazards III. Fiscal

responsibility for disasters IV. A development retreat from low-lying coastal areas

a. II & III

b. I, II, & IV

c. I & IV

d. I, II, III, & IV

✔ B. FEMA HMA of 2000 seeks to expand pre-disaster planning to precipitate the

widespread loss of life, damage to property, infrastructure and the environment. The Act

does not assign any fiscal responsibilities of disasters to any entity. Most local Safety

Element covers also man-made hazards. However, local jurisdictions are not burdened

with the fiscal impact associated with disasters.

2. In the United States, the "Neighborhood Unit" concept is attributed to:

a. Kevin Lynch

b. Clarence Perry

c. Ian McHarg

d. Lewis Mumford

✔ B. Clarence Perry lived in Forest Hills Gardens in Queens, NY and published an

essay on the concept of the neighborhood unit in 1929. Forest Hill Gardens, developed

by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. in 1911, inspired the neighborhood unit concept. Perry

defined a neighborhood as a self-contained area within a 5-minute walking radius,

bounded by major streets with shops at the intersections and a school in the middle.

Kevin Lynch wrote Image of the City in 1960. Ian McHarg wrote Design with Nature in

1969. Lewis Mumford wrote Culture of Cities in 1929.

3. Which of the following court cases is/are concerned with takings? I. Nollan v.

California Coastal Commission (1987) II. Associated Homebuilders v. City of Livermore

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AICP Exam Prep 3.0 Questions with

Answers 2024

The New York Court of Appeals case Golden v. Planning Board of Town of Ramapo (1972) resulted in an important decision in what area? a. Exclusionary housing b. Growth management c. "Takings" claims d. Environmental justice ✔ B. Ramapo, NY established a growth management system that awarded points to development proposals based on the availability of public utilities, drainage facilities, parks, road access, and firehouses.
The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 required local governments to address potential hazards in a Hazard Mitigation Plan in order to remain eligible to receive certain federal funds before and following federally-declared disasters. Your community has integrated such a plan into the General Plan. Now the Safety Element of the General Plan is expanded to cover the following: I. Natural hazards II. Man-made hazards III. Fiscal responsibility for disasters IV. A development retreat from low-lying coastal areas a. II & III b. I, II, & IV c. I & IV d. I, II, III, & IV ✔ B. FEMA HMA of 2000 seeks to expand pre-disaster planning to precipitate the widespread loss of life, damage to property, infrastructure and the environment. The Act does not assign any fiscal responsibilities of disasters to any entity. Most local Safety Element covers also man-made hazards. However, local jurisdictions are not burdened with the fiscal impact associated with disasters.
In the United States, the "Neighborhood Unit" concept is attributed to: a. Kevin Lynch b. Clarence Perry c. Ian McHarg d. Lewis Mumford ✔ B. Clarence Perry lived in Forest Hills Gardens in Queens, NY and published an essay on the concept of the neighborhood unit in 1929. Forest Hill Gardens, developed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. in 1911, inspired the neighborhood unit concept. Perry defined a neighborhood as a self-contained area within a 5-minute walking radius, bounded by major streets with shops at the intersections and a school in the middle. Kevin Lynch wrote Image of the City in 1960. Ian McHarg wrote Design with Nature in
Lewis Mumford wrote Culture of Cities in 1929.
Which of the following court cases is/are concerned with takings? I. Nollan v. California Coastal Commission (1987) II. Associated Homebuilders v. City of Livermore

(1976) III. First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. County of Los Angeles (1987) IV. Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992) a. I only b. I & II c. I & III d. I, III, & IV ✔ D. In Nollan v. California Coastal Commission (1987), the state claimed that the Nollan's proposed house would interfere with visual and psychological access to the public beach. The state said that the Nollan's would be granted a building permit only if they allowed public access to the beach. The court said this was a taking because if the state wanted to provide access to the beach it should use the power of eminent domain and compensate the land owners. In First English (1987), a church had not been allowed to use its property temporarily because it had been flooded; the court said that the city must provide compensation for this taking, even though it was only temporary. In Lucas, the court found that a South Carolina state law which prohibited Lucas from building on two lots on a barrier island was a taking because it deprived Lucas of all economically viable use of the property. The Associated Homebuilders v. City of Livermore (1976) case was about growth management. In that case, the court said it was permissible to phase growth to allow for relief of overcrowded schools and sewer treatment facilities and to increase water reserves.

Ebenezer Howard is best known for promoting self-sufficient towns with mixed economies known as: a. New towns b. Planned unit developments c. Garden cities d. Suburbs ✔ C. Ebenezer Howard, (1850-1920) published Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898; it was reissued as Garden Cities of Tomorrow in 1902. A garden city included about 6,000 acres of land and was surrounded with a rural belt. The first garden cities were in England: Letchworth in 1903 and Welwyn Garden in 1919. New Towns are a successor to garden cities. The New Towns of Columbia, MD and Reston, VA were built in the United States after World War II. A Planned Unit Development or PUD is planned and developed as a single entity containing residential and non- residential development such as public, commercial or industrial areas. PUDs allow for greater flexibility in locating buildings, combining land uses, and including open space than traditional development patterns. Suburban developments are located on the periphery of urban areas and are not associated with Ebenezer Howard. Riverside, IL is considered the earliest example of suburban development. Riverside is located outside of Chicago and was developed in 1868 by Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.
Which of the following is a landmark housing case? a. Hadacheck v. Sebastian (1915) b. Berman v. Parker (1954): c. Southern Burlington NAACP v. Township of Mt. Laurel (1975) d. Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. (1926)

III. extended the road system by 41,000 miles. IV. required public investment in the infrastructure to do as much as possible to favor those who are most disadvantaged. a. I & IV b. II only c. II & III d. I, II, III, & IV ✔ C. The Federal Highway Act of 1956, also known as the National Defense Highway Act, resulted in the interstate highway system. The 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, ISTEA, included funding for scenic byways and historic preservation. John Rawls (1971) principle of justice is that infrastructure investments should do as much as possible to favor those who are the most disadvantaged; this was not part of the 1956 Act.

Which of the following pieces of federal legislation focused on slum clearance? a. 1906 Antiquities Act b. 1934 Federal Housing Act c. 1949 Housing Act d. 1968 New Communities Act ✔ C. The 1949 Housing Act focused on slum clearance. It inaugurated the idea of urban redevelopment. The 1954 Housing Act modified this approach to focus more on slum prevention. The 1906 Antiquities Act was passed to protect archeological sites. In 1934, during the Great Depression, the Federal Housing Act instituted the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) to insure personal savings and established the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to provide mortgage insurance. The 1968 New Communities Act provided funding for private development of new towns.
Which of the following established a system of rectangular survey coordinates for virtually all of the country west of the Appalachians? a. The Homestead Act (1862) b. The Ordinance of 1785 c. The General Land Law Revision Act (1891) d. Morrill Act (1862) ✔ B. The Ordinance of 1785 provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The rectangular survey has been called "the largest single act of national planning in our history and... the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic" (Daniel Elazar). In 1862, the Homestead Act opened the lands of the Public Domain to settlers for a nominal fee and five years residence. In 1891, the General Land Law Revision Act gave the President power to create forest preserves by proclamation. In 1862, Congress passed the Morrill Act, which authorized that proceeds from the sale of land were to be used to found colleges offering instruction in agriculture, engineering, and other practical arts.
Central Place Theory is a term attributed to: a. Homer Hoyt b. Harris and Ullman

c. Walter Christaller d. Ernest Burgess ✔ C. Christaller (1893-1969), a German geographer, published Central Places in Southern Germany in 1933. Burgess developed his concentric circle model of city growth in 1924 based on a study of Chicago. Hoyt proposed his model of sectors radiating from the CBD in 1939. Harris and Ullman proposed the multi-nuclei model of a city in 1945.

In which case did the Supreme Court say that a community may prohibit unrelated individuals from living as a family in the same house? a. Moore v. City of East Cleveland (1977) b. Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas (1974) c. Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill (1978) d. April v. City of Broken Arrow (1989) ✔ B. In Belle Terre v. Boraas (1974), the court upheld this prohibition; Belle Terre is near the State University of NY at Stony Brook and the intent of the regulation was apparently to keep more than two unrelated students from renting a house together. In Moore v. City of East Cleveland (1977), the city told a grandmother that she could not have her grandchildren live with her because they were not a family; the court did not uphold this interpretation of a regulation. In TVA v. Hill (1978), the court stopped the development of a dam because of the endangered snail darter fish. The April v. City of Broken Arrow (1989) case concerned floodplain regulations, which the court upheld as not being a taking because they pertain to public safety.
The architect who oversaw the design of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago is: a. Daniel Burnham b. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr c. Frank Lloyd Wright d. Edward Bassett ✔ A. Daniel Burnham (1846-1912), the Father of City Planning, was the architect for the neo-classical White City design of the Columbian Exposition. Olmsted, Sr. worked with Burnham as the site designer for the Columbian Exposition. This was the first large scale elaboration of the City Beautiful Movement. Note that Burnham is usually cited as the author of the saying: 'Make no little plans. They have no magic to stir men's blood.' However, researchers at the National Building Museum attribute this saying to a contemporary and colleague of Burnham, architect Willis Polk (1867-1924). Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. designed Forest Hills Gardens in 1911 on Long Island. This was the inspiration for Clarence Perry's neighborhood unit concept. Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr. and Calvert Vaux designed Riverside Illinois, a railroad suburb with curvilinear streets and parks in 1868. They also designed Central Park in New York City. Edward Bassett, considered the Father of Zoning, prepared the first comprehensive zoning ordinance in New York City in 1916.
Who pioneered indoor shopping malls, developed the new town of Columbia, MD, Baltimore's Harbor Place, and Boston's Faneuil Hall?

d. increase in the number of limited-access highways ✔ A. Deteriorating air quality is not considered a cause of decentralization. Most of the growth of metropolitan regions in the mid-to-late twentieth century and the twenty-first century has occurred in suburban areas.

In which of the following court cases did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that a sign ordinance reached "too far into the realm of protected speech"? a. City of Ladue v. Gilleo (1994) b. Young v. American Mini Theatres (1976) c. Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego (1981) d. Members of the City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent (1984) ✔ C. This case ruled that San Diego's ordinance prohibiting off-premises advertising displays was invalid. Each of the other cases is also a First Amendment case that was decided by the Supreme Court. In City of Ladue v. Gilleo (1994), the court decided that it was not permissible for a sign ordinance to ban some signs based upon their content. In Young v. American Mini-Theatres (1976), the ordinance that an adult theater may not (apart from a special waiver) be located within 1,000 feet of any two other "regulated uses" or within 500 feet of a residential area was upheld. In Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent (1984), the court decided that a sign ordinance was not unconstitutional because it applied to everyone equally.
Known as the "father of regional Planning", who authored Cities in Evolution? a. Lewis Mumford b. Patrick Geddes c. Robert Moses d. Gifford Pinchot ✔ B. Scottish biologist Patrick Geddes developed the valley and town cross section depicting the inter-relationship of natural resources, transportation, and economics.
Clarence Stein is best known for his work on which topic? a. The New York State thruway b. The Catskill preserve c. The American Garden City movement d. The Rural Electrification Administration ✔ C. Stein was involved in the development or garden cities under the rural Resettlement Administration including Radburn and the for-profit development of Sunnyside Gardens New York.
The power given to local government to intervene in the lives of private citizens for the protection of public health, safety, and welfare is called what? a. Zoning b. Police power c. Due process d. Eminent domain ✔ B. Police power allows for the enforcement of zoning regulations.

What regulating document cut lot coverage back to 70 percent and required a separate bathroom for each apartment as well as courtyards for light and ventilation? a. 1901 Tenement House Act b. 1909 Chicago Plan c. 1916 New York City Zoning Act d. 1920 New York Regional Plan ✔ A. The 1909 Chicago Plan focused on highways, streets, railroads, parks and civic centers. The 1916 NYC Zoning Act established three land uses (residential, commercial, mixed) and restricted the height of buildings. The 1920 NY Regional Plan defined a neighborhood as having a 5 minute walking radius or as an area comprised of about 160 acres.
Who is considered the Father of Regional Planning? a. Daniel Burnham b. Patrick Geddes c. Paul Davidoff d. Kevin Lynch ✔ B. Patrick Geddes (1854-1932), a sociologist by training, is known as the Father of Regional Planning. He is the author of Cities in Evolution. Daniel Burnham was an architect and urban planner instrumental in the development of the skyscraper and best known for his management of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 and the influential 1909 "Plan for Chicago," the first metropolitan regional plan in the country. Paul Davidoff is best known for explaining advocacy planning. He wrote A Choice Theory of Planning with Thomas Reiner in 1962. Kevin Lynch wrote Image of the City in
The nineteenth century photojournalist Jacob Riis authored which of the following books? a. How the Other Half Lives b. The City in History c. Geography of Nowhere d. Good City Form ✔ A. Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives (1890) and Children of the Poor (1892). These books contributed to housing reform. Lewis Mumford wrote The City in History (1961); James Howard Kunstler wrote Geography of Nowhere (1994); Kevin Lynch wrote Good City Form (1981).
Which individual is known for first using layering to show suitability? a. Eric Fromm b. John Reps c. Ian McHarg d. Roger Tomlinson ✔ C. McHarg wrote Design with Nature and used Mylar layers to show suitability for development. John Reps wrote The Making of Urban America. Roger Tomlinson is known as the "father of GIS." Erich Fromm is a social psychologist/sociologist well known for the Critical Theory.

A complete submission for site plan review should provide each of the following types of information EXCEPT: a. a location map, site plan, and grading plan b. indication of zoning, setbacks and parking stalls around building footprints c. a listing of specific rents to be charged for leasing space in the proposed development d. drainage system specifications ✔ C. There would be no need to know what tenants might be charged in order to evaluate a site plan.
The total area of permitted floor space expressed as a proportion of the site is known as the: a. Gross Leasable Area (GLA) b. Location Quotient c. Floor Area Ratio (FAR) d. North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) ✔ C. The FAR is the ratio of floor space to area of the site; ex. for a 6 story building that covers 1/2 of a building site, the FAR is (6*0.5)/1=3. The GLA is a measure of floor space commonly used to estimate the number of parking spaces that will be needed depending on the use of the space. The location quotient is a ratio of ratios: (Employment in industry X in city Y / Total employment in city Y) / (Employment in industry X in larger region) / (Total employment in larger region). NAICS stands for North American Industry Classification System, which came into use in 1997; it replaced the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system formerly used by the U.S. Census Bureau to classify types of industries.
Which of the following describes a census tract? a. A small, relatively permanent statistical entity with a population of about 4,000, located within a single county (or parish) b. A central place with a density of about 1,000 people per square mile, and a population of at least 50, c. A location with a population between 2,500 and 50, d. The smallest geographic unit for which the Census Bureau tabulates 100% data ✔ A. A census tract is delineated by a local committee; its boundaries are normally outlined by the visible features of an area, but may follow governmental unit boundaries and other non-visible features in some instances. Census tracts always nest within counties. An urbanized area is defined to have a population of over 50,000, density of at least 1,000 per square mile. An urban cluster has a population of between 2,500 and 50,000. A census block is the smallest geographic unit for which the Census Bureau tabulates 100% data. 1990 was the first year in which census blocks covered the nation; in 2000, there were more than 1 million census blocks. Reference: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/doc/sf1.pdf#page=
Which of the following is used to secure partial use of a piece of property? a. Fee simple scale

b. Easement c. Ground rent d. Conveyance ✔ B. An easement separates property ownership from use of that property and may be used to allow someone partial use of a property. Fee simple sale conveys all allowable uses of a property to the owner. Ground rent is the amount of money that is paid for the use of land when title to a property is held as a leasehold estate. Conveyance refers to the document that effects a property transfer.

Health and Safety Regulations give local jurisdictions the power to enforce: a. Design standards b. Eminent domain c. Development impact fees d. Building codes ✔ D. The purpose of building codes is to protect public health and safety. Design standards govern the architectural appearance of a building. Eminent domain is part of the Fifth Amendment and allows for the government taking of land for public purposes, with just compensation due to the property owner. Impact fees may be part of a growth management program to protect current residents from paying the full cost of providing new development.
Critical Path Method is a project management technique designed to: a. help employees improve writing skills b. assist in decision-making c. reduce errors in traffic modeling d. identify evacuation routes ✔ B. The Critical Path Method (CPM) is a technique used for complex projects with many inter-related activities. CPM models the activities of a project as a network and shows which activities are critical to the project and which are not. It is also useful to show what activities must be completed before others can begin.
A noise exposure level of 85 decibels (db.) would be considered normal for: a. Breathing b. A very quiet residence c. City traffic from inside a car d. A very loud rock concert ✔ C. Breathing level is about 10 db. A quiet residence is about 40 db. A rock concert is about 132 db. Levels above 70 db., the level of freeway traffic, become annoying. Levels above 120db, a loud thunderclap, may be painful.
Which of the following tells a reader both why a plan was developed and where it might lead? a. Goals b. Objectives c. Alternatives d. Action items

identical, low-value housing units, the mode, the most frequently occurring value, will reflect this. The standard deviation is not a measure of central tendency but of dispersion of the distribution of housing prices about the mean. The U.S. Census Bureau calculates median housing value.

Which of the following statistics is the best measure of central tendency to use when explaining levels of income in a community? a. Mean b. Median c. Mode d. Standard deviation ✔ B. Half of the homes in the community cost more than the median and half cost less, therefore, this is a good measure of central tendency. If housing prices in a community are normally distributed, the mean, median and mode will be close in value and will all be reasonable measures of central tendency. However, if housing prices are not normally distributed, the mean and mode can be misleading. The mean is the average of housing prices and a few very expensive homes in a community can raise the mean much higher than the median. If a community has, for example, a large number of identical, low-value housing units, the mode, the most frequently occurring value, will reflect this. The standard deviation is not a measure of central tendency but of dispersion of the distribution of housing prices about the mean. The U.S. Census Bureau calculates median housing value.
Each of the following is a Smart Growth goal EXCEPT: a. saving our most valuable remaining natural resources b. supporting existing communities and neighborhoods c. saving taxpayer dollars by not building the infrastructure required to support sprawl d. stopping population growth ✔ D. Smart Growth is not about stopping population growth. It is about encouraging development patterns that concurrently promote environmental protection and economic development opportunities within a framework of neotraditional design principles. Strategies include land use planning, mixed-use development, measures to increase use of public transit, and preservation of natural resources including productive farmland and open space.
Comparison of numerical indicators or a goals-achievement matrix may be useful at which stage of the planning process? a. Initial research b. Clarification of goals and objectives c. Plan implementation d. Plan evaluation ✔ D. These are some of the methods planners may use to assess or evaluate a plan. Planning research should be followed by clarification of goals and objectives. Steps for plan implementation are then identified and the plan is enacted. Finally, the plan is evaluated (reviewed) and possibly revised.

Which type of regulation controls the manner in which blocks of land over a certain size may be converted into building lots? a. Zoning ordinances b. Subdivision regulations c. Building codes d. Comprehensive plans ✔ B. Zoning ordinances specify what may be constructed in each zone and what uses are allowable. Building codes are usually based on health and safety standards and control design, construction, and materials used in construction. A comprehensive plan covers the entire community, is long-term, and lays out a community's vision and describes where, how, and in some cases when development will occur.
For which of the following demographic groups is a mail survey instrument most effective? a. The elderly b. Middle-aged couples c. Apartment dwellers d. Minorities ✔ A. Penn State University," Using Surveys for Data Collection in Continuous Improvement," Innovation Insight Number 14. http://www.psu.edu/president/pia/innovation/insights014.pdf For example, since older persons are less likely to use the Internet and e-mail, an online survey of retired persons may not be the best choice. A mailed or phone survey may be a better choice for these types of audiences.
In planning for new development, demands on infrastructure must be considered. Planners should consider which of the following? I. Demand for water under worst case fire scenario II. Typical demand for water III. Use of roads near the site IV. Depth and velocity of flow in sewer mains a. I & II b. II & III c. II & IV d. I, II, III, & IV ✔ D. Planners estimate the demand for water under various conditions, use of sewer facilities, and use of roads when planning for new development.
A greenfield is defined as: a. a previously undeveloped property on the urban fringe, often farmland b. an abandoned industrial or commercial site where redevelopment is complicated by potential environmental contamination c. an abandoned industrial or commercial site that is ready for redevelopment with no threat of groundwater or soil pollution d. an established area of a city where new development is occurring on abandoned lots ✔ A. Answer B describes a brownfield. Answer C describes a grayfield. Answer D describes a location of infill development.

b. I, II, III, & IV c. II & IV d. IV only ✔ C. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol34/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol34- sec1502-16.pdf NEPA 1502.16 Environmental consequences. This section... shall include discussions of:... (d) The environmental effects of alternatives including the proposed action. The comparisons under § 1502.14 will be based on this discussion. (e) Energy requirements and conservation potential of various alternatives and mitigation measures. (f) Natural or depletable resource requirements and conservation potential of various alternatives and mitigation measures. (g) Urban quality, historic and cultural resources, and the design of the built environment, including the reuse and conservation potential of various alternatives and mitigation measures.

Which of the following is the best indicator that a zoning ordinance needs a comprehensive revision? a. The official zoning maps are inaccurate b. The board of zoning appeals has a small caseload c. The zoning text has been amended on a regular basis over the past three years d. The city council often overturns the recommendations of the planning commission ✔ C. Numerous zoning text amendments are an indication that the ordinance needs a comprehensive overhaul. Inaccurate zoning maps are more an indication of incorrect geographic information. A small BZA caseload is usually an indication that the zoning ordinance is working well. City councils may have other reasons to overturn planning commission recommendations.
A mayor has informed a planning director that there is currently no documentation process for the planning department's achievements. In response to this situation, the planner should do which of the following? a. Establish a public relations campaign b. Hold a series of meetings with the city council c. Implement a program-monitoring system d. Commit to sending quarterly reports to the mayor ✔ C. Monitoring is an essential step in the planning process. It documents progress and provides a mechanism for collecting feedback and revising the plan as needed. The other three methods, while not precluded, are not an integral part of the planning process. The Practice of Local Government Planning, 1988, p. 11.
Detailed information about a community's debt would be vital for carrying out which of the following tasks? a. Establishing assessed values for property in the coming year b. Applying to HUD for Section 8 funds c. Presenting a venture-capital fund to area financial institutions d. Requesting a change in bond rating ✔ D. Nearly all states limit the amount of a locality's debt, usually measured in some percentage of the locality's tax base. Agencies issuing municipal bonds rate the borrowing locality on its debt capacity.

The intensity of residential land use is typically measured by which of the following methods? a. Floor area ratio b. Impervious surface area ratio c. Dwelling units per acre d. Open space ratio ✔ C. Multifamily, planned unit development, and mixed-use zones usually specify the intensity of residential development as a number of dwelling units per acre. The Practice of Local Government Planning, 1988, p. 274.
New development is proposed in an area that has insufficient roadway capacity. The county planning director wants to institute traffic-impact fees to pay for road improvements. The most appropriate basis on which to establish the fee structure is the: a. Number of housing units b. Number of trips generated c. Amount of commercial square footage d. Amount of employment ✔ B. There should be a nexus or close relationship between the object of the impact fee and the public service provided. Trip generation is most closely related to need for roadway capacity improvements.
The application of performance zoning does NOT include: a. providing flexibility in the number and design of units b. permitting any use that meets a specific set of standards c. requiring impacts analyses for a proposed development d. restricting specific uses on a property ✔ D. An alternative to the traditional, conventional zoning method, performance standards regulate development by setting the desired goals to be achieved by regulation rather than regulating how those community goals are met.
The term "just compensation" in the U.S. Constitution refers to which of the following? a. Payment for development rights b. Reimbursement of permit fees c. Payment for private property taken for public use d. Tax credits for low-income housing ✔ C. The Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution requires that the power of eminent domain be tied with "just compensation" for private property taken for public use.
According to Land- Based Classification Standards land-use activity color coding, which of the following would be used to indicate a restaurant on a map? a. Yellow b. Blue c. Red d. Violet

"An income property has the following characteristics: Maximum gross rent: $374,000 Permanent loan amount: $2,215,000 Vacancy rate: 5% Purchase price: $3,150,000 Operating expenses: $75,000 Annual debt service: $261,000 What is the net operating income (NOI) of the property?" a. $113, b. $280, c. $290, d. $935, ✔ B. Net operating income = Gross operating income * (1 - vacancy rate) - operating expenses. $374,000 * 95% - $75,000 = $280,300. Annual debt service is not used in NOI calculation but would be included in a cash flow calculation.
When unexpended line-item funds remain in a local government budget at the end of a fiscal year, which of the following is NOT standard budgetary practice? a. Return unspent money to the general fund b. Transfer excess funds to cover shortages in other lines c. Expend funds on allowable items before year-end d. Carry over the remainder to the same line of the following year's budget ✔ D. Budgets are generally characterized by annuality, which specifies that a budget is prepared every year, covering only one year, and executed over one year. It is thus not standard procedure to carry over a line item remainder from one year to the next but rather to use those funds within the specified budget period.
In preparing a physical plan for a site within an urban center, which of the following types of maps would be LEAST useful? a. Topographic map b. Utilities map c. USGS quadrangle map d. Parcel map ✔ C. The scale of a USGS quadrangle map (1:24,000) is too large to show enough detail that would be useful for site planning.
The purpose of overlay zones is to: a. allow elected officials to circumvent zoning district requirements b. deal with waterfront redevelopment c. allow a community's functional concerns to cut across existing zoning designations d. assure that economic development goals can be achieved ✔ C. An overlay zone is a zoning district which is applied over one or more previously established zoning districts, establishing additional or stricter standards and criteria for covered properties in addition to those of the underlying zoning district.
Design review boards may be challenged legally if they: a. exercise discretion in reviewing projects b. lack standards as the basis for decisions c. deal with purely aesthetic issues such as colors d. operate in areas that are not historically significant

✔ B. Any type of planning action is best defended if it is based upon a rational set of considerations such as an adopted comprehensive plan or defined design standards. Generally, the failure of an agency to establish coherent written standards and regulations to be applied in all cases amounts to a denial of due process.

The floating zone is a technique used to: a. permit development of critical areas adjoining floodplains b. implement concepts such as PUD, historic preservation, and cluster development c. regulate marine residential zoning d. implement the neighborhood unit principle ✔ B. A floating zone is a zoning district that delineates conditions which must be met before that zoning district can be approved for an existing piece of land. Once a PUD, historic preservation or cluster development, for example, was approved then the zone would be added to the official zoning map.
"The mayor is asking you, the Planning Director, to implement a new Smart Growth program for the community. Your recommendations would likely focus on development in which of the following areas? I. Greyfields II. Greenfields III. Compositional zoned areas IV. Zombie subdivisions " a. I b. I & II c. I & IV d. II & III ✔ C. Greyfields describe economically obsolescent, outdated, failing, moribund and/or underused real estate assets or land, such as vacant malls. Zombie subdivisions are unfinished subdivisions, often with utility pipes poking up, driveways and sidewalks to nowhere, and tidy homes surrounded by acres that nature is reclaiming. Both of these areas are prime candidates for additional Smart Growth development as much or all of the needed infrastructure is already in place. Greenfields, however, are undeveloped land in a city or rural area either natural, being used for agriculture, or open space, usually absent the needed infrastructure needed for extensive development. Compositional zoning relates to the pressures and temperature effects associated with volcanoes, or crystalline melting equilibrium known as concentric zoning.
"The Village of Mariemont was designed by John Nolen, funded by Mary Emery, and designated as a National Historic Landmark due to its classic town square, mix of housing and placement of shops, schools, parks and entertainment venues. The design of Mariemont: I. incorporated "White City" concepts. II. was based on the English Garden City. III. originated many of today's ""new urbanism"" concepts. IV. utilized design features from Frank Lloyd Wright's "Broadacre City."" a. I & II b. II c. II & III d. III & IV ✔ C. John Nolen's design of the Village of Mariemont in Cincinnati drew its inspiration from the English Garden City and originated many of the "new urbanism" concepts

Edge Cities and Urban Development, Exams of Medicine

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