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Exercise Science Evaluation: Historical Perspectives on Disabilities, Exams of Nursing

The University of Edinburgh (Edin)Nursing

A series of questions and answers related to the field of exercise science, specifically focusing on the historical mistreatment of people with disabilities and the evolution of adapted physical activity. It covers key figures, events, and legislation that have shaped the field, including the contributions of pinel, jahn, ling, and others. The document also touches on the development of adapted physical education and activity, the principles of normalization, and the importance of critical thinking in exercise science. It serves as a study guide or review material for students in exercise science or related fields, providing a concise overview of important concepts and historical context. The document also explores the shift from medical models to empowerment approaches in working with individuals with disabilities, emphasizing self-determination and social justice.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 08/09/2025

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EDKP 396 - final Exercise Science Evaluation
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1.Historic mistreatment of people with disabilities BEFORE the 1900s: - per-
ceived as lazy, crazy, stupid, imbeciles and evil (stainton, 2018; Jansma
& French, 1994)
2.What is infanticide?: Ancient civilizations left infants with disabilities to
die on hillside (this was legal)
3.What did the roman emperors do to individuals with physical disabilities?:
- used for bow and arrow target practice (L'Abate & Curtis, 1975)
- sold as slaves, burned, used as court jesters (Jansma & French, 1994;
Stainton, 2018)
4.Who was the first medical doctor to show compassion for people who
were locked away in asylums?: Pinel
5.When did better treatment start for individuals with disabilities?: 1700s
6.Who unlocked people with mental health problems from their chains?:
Dr. Phillipe Pinel and Dr. Jean Baptiste Pussin
7.How did Dr. Phillipe Pinel and Dr. Jean Baptiste Pussin treat individuals
with disabilities?: life histories were obtained to understand these
human beings from a medical and humanistics perspective
8.When was the International Federation of Adapted Physical Activity
(IFA- PA)?: 1973
9.Who founded IFAPA?: Dr. Clermont Simard and Dr. Denis Drouin
10.What did Friedrich Ludwig Jahn do?: - 1811
- opens Turnplatz and the Turners movement starts (therapeutic
gymnastics)
11.What did Henrik Ling do?: - 1813
- creates medical gymnastics
12.Who created the 4 paradigms of physical activity for people with
disabili- ties?: Polloway et al., 1996
13.What were facilities-based approach: - early part of 20th century
- viewed person from medical model of patient (often neglect, isolation
and lack of dignity)
- people with disabilities were excluded from PE --> corrective therapy
14.When was corrective PE used?: early 20th century
15.What is corrective PE used?: physical activity and exercise as
preventative and therapeutic to alleviate physical disorders and
illnesses
16.What did Dudley Sargent do?: 1908
- advocates for corrective PE for remedial activities and exercises
17.What did R. Tait McKenzie do?: 1909
- PE book about people with sensory impairments and intellectual
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  1. Historic mistreatment of people with disabilities BEFORE the 1900s: - per- ceived as lazy, crazy, stupid, imbeciles and evil (stainton, 2018; Jansma & French, 1994)
  2. What is infanticide?: Ancient civilizations left infants with disabilities to die on hillside (this was legal)
  3. What did the roman emperors do to individuals with physical disabilities?:
  • used for bow and arrow target practice (L'Abate & Curtis, 1975)
  • sold as slaves, burned, used as court jesters (Jansma & French, 1994; Stainton, 2018)
  1. Who was the first medical doctor to show compassion for people who were locked away in asylums?: Pinel
  2. When did better treatment start for individuals with disabilities?: 1700s
  3. Who unlocked people with mental health problems from their chains?: Dr. Phillipe Pinel and Dr. Jean Baptiste Pussin
  4. How did Dr. Phillipe Pinel and Dr. Jean Baptiste Pussin treat individuals with disabilities?: life histories were obtained to understand these human beings from a medical and humanistics perspective
  5. When was the International Federation of Adapted Physical Activity (IFA- PA)?: 1973
  6. Who founded IFAPA?: Dr. Clermont Simard and Dr. Denis Drouin
  7. What did Friedrich Ludwig Jahn do?: - 1811
  • opens Turnplatz and the Turners movement starts (therapeutic gymnastics)
  1. What did Henrik Ling do?: - 1813
  • creates medical gymnastics
  1. Who created the 4 paradigms of physical activity for people with disabili- ties?: Polloway et al., 1996
  2. What were facilities-based approach: - early part of 20th century
  • viewed person from medical model of patient (often neglect, isolation and lack of dignity)
  • people with disabilities were excluded from PE --> corrective therapy
  1. When was corrective PE used?: early 20th century
  2. What is corrective PE used?: physical activity and exercise as preventative and therapeutic to alleviate physical disorders and illnesses
  3. What did Dudley Sargent do?: 1908
  • advocates for corrective PE for remedial activities and exercises
  1. What did R. Tait McKenzie do?: 1909
  • PE book about people with sensory impairments and intellectual

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  • "Reclaiming the Maimed" - benefits of exercise and sport activities for persons with a disability and advice from professionals

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  1. What was the Supports-based approach: - 1980s
  • problems reside in person-environment interaction, not solely in the person, there- fore supports should allow person to function in the environment
  • Adapted physical activity becomes the common term, sport and lifespan become prominent, APA becomes defined by change or adaptation rather than disability, move toward inclusion
  1. Who prompted supports-based approch?: Prompted by Sherrill and others (late 1970's) ... led to a definition that emphasized individual differences and not the disability. Prompted society to look at the environment... eg: Duncan Wyeth - Braille on elevators / flashing lights on fire alarms / ramps to allow access, etc.
  2. When was the international year of disabled persons (United Nations): - 1981
  3. what is Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly: the major journal of peer-re- viewed research in adapted physical activity
  4. What did Greg Reid do?:
  5. What did Jasper Talks lead to?: the Blueprint for Action and the Fitness Canada National Committee on physical activity for Canadians with a disability to increase physical activity opportunities
  6. Who was Dr. Robert Steadward?: - 1989
  • was elected the first president of the International Paralympic Committee
  1. What were empowerment and self-determination approaches?: - major life decisions become responsibility of individual, not experts with focus on choice, decision making, and self-regulated learning
  • Self-determined physical activity as our ultimate goal for all citizens, including those who may be labeled with a disability
  • Ever changing with people with disabilities starting to demand social justice and related changes!!! --> In it's ideal form, this approach may work best for all people
  1. When was the Active Living Alliance for Canadians with a Disability was created?: 1990s
  2. Corrective therapy: no definition, education was dominated by medical profes- sionals
  3. Adapted physical education: a diversified program developmental activities
  4. Adapted physical activity: cross disciplinary body of knowledge... solution of psychomotor problems throughout the lifespan" (Sherrill,

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  1. What was Reid, 2003 definition: •A cross-disciplinary body of knowledge
  • A philosophy and attitude of acceptance of diversity
  • A focus on individual differences

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  1. So what is critical thinking?: •"thinking that assesses itself" (Paul, 1995)
  • "thinking about your thinking in order to improve your thinking" (Paul,

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  1. Why should we think critically?: •Better academic performance
  • Increased self-confidence
  • Create more choices about how to think
  • Create bigger personal dreams
  • Protect your health, finances and self-esteem
  • Decide what to believe or what to do
  • An ability to use standards ... to evaluate or judge ideas
  • More effective in your communication
  • BH = become a strong professional with rationale for interventions, teaching out- comes ... build a sound case for your approach
  1. Cognitive Psychology: •Movement vs action
  • Every movement situation is a problem to be solved (Adams, 1970's +)
  • Chapter written during:
  • a paradigm shift from cognitive psychology to ecological psychology / dynamic systems -More recent shift is to empowerment -Philosophical assumptions
  1. What is the If-Then approach: •"IF-Then" Approach... "the learning of specific condition- action guidelines" (p. 2)
  • "IF-then" statements linked to dependency... knowing how to act or what to do in a specific situation - do the same things over and over
  • Can one person really know it all?
  1. Bouffard and Strean (2003): -Bouffard and Strean (2003) contend that univer- sity education should empower independent thought and ability to justify actions and beliefs --> Bouffard... become a "critical thinker"
  2. 3 types of situation in APA: 1. The professional is asked to provide services for which he or she is fully prepared (e.g.) Person with CP, no medical contraindications à aerobic training program 2.The professional may not be adequately prepared e.g. Person with DS, recent quadruple bypass à fitness training program 3.Everything in-between both extremes!
  3. Primary purpose of APA?: - self-determined physical activity participation
  • functional competence in motor skills, as well as physical fitness improvement and maintenance
  • others might argue that the primary purpose is development of

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  1. Goals (Emes, 2003): - Person-centered, broad statements that are long-range in nature
  • should include input from individual if possible
  • long range = annual, or semiannual e.g. John will participate in the Friday night soccer club at Summit School in St. Laurent.
  1. Underlying assumptions of Developmental Approach (Goodwin, 2003): - -profiles of motor development change with age and maturation -eg. reflex activity à basic motor skills à fundamental motor skills à more complex game and sport skills -all children follow same pattern of development à milestones -Based on assumptions of normality & stage theories ...
  2. Implications (Goodwin, 2003): -Offers little practical information for teachers in skill development -Achievement of mature motor skill patterns -Often the high expectations were unrealistic
  • Led to the creation of task analysis
  1. What is task analysis?: A description of the prerequisite skills of a desired behavioral outcome
  2. Methods of task analysis: •Sequential
  • Developmental
  • Hierarchical
  • Ecological
  1. Sequential: --> for those tasks with discrete components, one or more of which may be the problem in the chain of components, such square dance steps, or catching a ball
  2. Example of Sequential task analysis: e.g. Catching a ball 1.visually track ball 2.adjust position of body (i.e. forward, sideways) 3.place hands and arms in preparatory position 4.contact with hands, flex fingers 5.flex elbows to absorb shock
  3. Developmental task analysis: - select learning objectives that are reflective of normal growth and development patterns -notion of environmental impact on making skills easier or more difficult - assump- tions may be incorrect at times? -Herkowitz (1978) general task analysis eg. ball catching behavior has the following factors to consider: weight of

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  1. When did ecological task analysis emerge?: 1990's
  • form of assessment and instruction for people with disabilities
  1. Describe Ecological Task Analysis: •emerged from traditional developmental task analysis, but takes into account characteristics of the "person"

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  • developmental theory states that neuromuscular maturation will dictate the progres- sion of motor skill development
  • is it a combination of neuromuscular maturation, personal affordances and environ- mental interaction? "movement patterns emerge from the mutual constraints of the task goal, environ- mental conditions and the characteristics of the performer"
  1. What is ETA based on?: -- based on ecological psychology (Getchell, Newell, etc)
  2. What are the four step ETA?: 1.establish task goal
  3. allow choices of movement solutions
  4. manipulate variables that may influence performance (environment, person or task)
  5. begin instruction on task goals that cannot be met by manipulating task variables
  6. Describe "establishing task goal" in ETA: • Must be clearly stated as a functional outcome
  • Structure physical and social environment to invite performance
  • Use words or demonstrations as needed
  • Provide meaning (relevance) for the person
  • Goals are problems to be solved, not skills eg. to send or project a ball is a task goal eg. to throw a ball underhand is a skill
  1. Describe "allow choice of how goal is achieved" in ETA: -- the individual selects skill, movement form, and/or implement, that is, solutions to the movement problem -- this may provide self-motivation, decision-making skills, self- monitoring, and empowerment -- teacher observes and records movement form and skill
  2. Provide an example of step 2 of ETA: Child picks up a 6" rubber ball and throws the ball underhand from 3ft away. Misses, hits outer edge of target
  3. Describe "Manipulate variables that might influence task performance" in ETA: -- allows teacher to challenge students and to observe boundaries for success -- variables: physical features (height from ground, slope, friction,

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  1. Provide an example of step 3 of ETA: When distance is reduced to 2', child hits target. When distance is increased to 5 ft. child misses target. When ball is changed to tennis ball, child uses overhand throw, misses target and does not use follow through or upper body rotation.
  2. Describe "Instruction" of ETA: -- teacher can provide instruction on more appropriate movement forms, suggest the use of a different skill, suggest use of different body part, use physical, verbal, and visual prompts -- can use traditional task analysis -- but keep attention to task goal -- teacher observes and records
  3. Provide an example of step 4 in ETA: The student will project a ball at a target that is 1' in diameter from a distance of 4' while looking at the target and following through with the hand(s) pointing toward the target.
  4. What are the assumptions of ETA?: -Direct Perception --> Ambient light -Degrees of Freedom problem to solve the homounculus & motor program (Bern- stein, early 1900's) -Ecological Psychology (Gibson, 1970's) --> Interconnectedness and causality of the person, task, and environment --> Affordances & constraints -Dynamic Systems Theory (Newell, 1980's-1990's) --> Organismic --> Not reductionistic, claims not to divide actions into meaningless chunks --> Role of cognition?
  5. What are the implications of ETA: -Dynamic systems as a mathematical formulae to describe life? -Has ETA stood the empirical test? -Paradigm shift and the "blaming" of other theoretical stances! -What role does a person take in deciding how to solve a problem? -Does any person perceive a goal-directed action as a problem-to-be- solved?
  6. List and define all task anaylsis: •Sequential when discrete components of a skill are chained together
  • Developmental task analysis when qualitative criteria represent more mature forms. Manipulate environmental variables.

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  • Hierarchical task analysis sequence when they represent easier to harder tasks. Subtasks may be different form.
  • Ecological task analysis when you take task, person and environmental constraints into consideration.

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  • Developmental Approach

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  • Perceptual Motor Approach
  • Behavioural Approach
  • Cognitive Approach
  • Ecological Systems Approach
  • Strategic Approach
  1. What is remedial therapy?: - Early APA history was medically oriented Recall: Facilities-based era
  • Medical model - Corrective Therapy --> Purpose was to restore health or treat physical defects.
  1. What did Sir Ludwig Guttman (WWII) do?: recondition the psychological and physical equilibrium of injured war vets Led to Stoke Mandeville Games in 1948 - day 1 of 1948 London Olympics
  2. What does Remedial Therapy look like today?: --> rehabilitative exercise remains an important component of most APA programs (eg- pre/post surgery programs) --> Main assumption: disability is largely biological in nature which is separated from the person as a social being (focus on the injury not person) --> exercise programs to improve person's ability to participate in activity (PDC - physio prescriptions) --> person is somewhat passive and dependent in the process
  3. What is the development approach?: --> Instruction based on movement patterns typical of children without a disability. --> Additional task analyses were necessary because many tasks were too complex for the student with a disability --> Formed the basis of developmental and hierarchical task analysis! --> This approach has transcended the last 50 years, since the Service- based era
  4. What are the underlying assumptions of developmental approach? H: - 1.neural-maturational theory: neuro-maturation is responsible for development of skills... e.g. new skills emerge as child matures 2."normal" progression theory: everyone achieves the same motor skills in the same order, normal progression to skill acquisition