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EDUC P514-life span(note 1), Study notes of Advanced Education

Indiana University Purdue University (IUPUI)Advanced Education

This course examines various theories of human development across the life span. Theories mainly focus on cognitive and psychosocial developments which encourage understanding the interplay of nature and nurture from infancy through aging. The primary focus of the course is to consider the range of possibilities of normal individual differences as well as general trends are discussed, with an emphasis on contextual variations based on gender, culture, and ethnicity.

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2011/2012

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EDUC P514
Science of Developmental Psychology
Defining Development
The science of human development…
Seeks to understand how and why people—all kinds of people, everywhere, of every age—change
over time.
Understanding How and Why
Five basic steps of the scientific method
• On the basis of theory, prior research, or a personal observation, pose a question.
• Develop a hypothesis, a specific prediction, that can be tested.
• Test the hypothesis. Design and conduct research to gather empirical evidence (data).
• Draw conclusions. Use the evidence to support or refute the hypothesis.
• Report the results. Share the data and conclusions, as well as alternative explanation.
The Nature-Nurture Debate
• Nature refers to the influence of genes which we inherit.
• Nurture refers to environmental influences, such as:
o health and diet of the embryo’s mother
o family
o school
o community
o society
Critical and Sensitive Periods
• A critical period is a time when certain things must occur for normal development.
• A sensitive period is when a particular development occurs most easily.
The Life-Span Perspective
Development is Multidirectional
• Over time, human characteristics change in every direction.
• Several major theorists describe stages of development: Freud, Erikson, Piaget.
• Others view development as a continuous process.
Development Is Multicontextual
• HISTORICAL CONTEXT- All persons born within a few years of one another are said to be
a cohort, a group defined by the shared age of its members.
Socioeconomic Context
socioeconomic status (SES)
o A person’s position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation,
education, and place of residence.
Development Is Multicultural
• Culture - patterns of behavior that are passed from one generation to the next.
• Vygotsky described the interaction between culture and education.
• Ethnic group - People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often
share a language, culture, and religion.
Development Is Multidisciplinary
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EDUC P

Science of Developmental Psychology

Defining Development The science of human development… Seeks to understand how and why people—all kinds of people, everywhere, of every age—change over time. Understanding How and Why Five basic steps of the scientific method

  • On the basis of theory, prior research, or a personal observation, pose a question.
  • Develop a hypothesis, a specific prediction, that can be tested.
  • Test the hypothesis. Design and conduct research to gather empirical evidence (data).
  • Draw conclusions. Use the evidence to support or refute the hypothesis.
  • Report the results. Share the data and conclusions, as well as alternative explanation. The Nature-Nurture Debate
  • Nature refers to the influence of genes which we inherit.
  • Nurture refers to environmental influences, such as: o health and diet of the embryo’s mother o family o school o community o society Critical and Sensitive Periods
  • A critical period is a time when certain things must occur for normal development.
  • A sensitive period is when a particular development occurs most easily. The Life-Span Perspective Development is Multidirectional
  • Over time, human characteristics change in every direction.
  • Several major theorists describe stages of development: Freud, Erikson, Piaget.
  • Others view development as a continuous process. Development Is Multicontextual
  • HISTORICAL CONTEXT- All persons born within a few years of one another are said to be a cohort, a group defined by the shared age of its members. Socioeconomic Context socioeconomic status (SES) o A person’s position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence. Development Is Multicultural
  • Culture - patterns of behavior that are passed from one generation to the next.
  • Vygotsky described the interaction between culture and education.
  • Ethnic group - People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion. Development Is Multidisciplinary
  • Genetics and neuroscience are two of the newer disciplines in lifespan research.
  • Every trait—psychological as well as physical—is influenced by genes. Development Is Plastic
  • Human traits can be molded (as plastic can be), yet people maintain a certain durability of identity (as plastic does).
  • Mirror neurons - Cells in an observer’s brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had actually performed that action. Theories of Human Development Developmental theory A systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older. Psychoanalytic Theory
  • A theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior.
  • Psychoanalytic theory originated with Sigmund Freud (1856– 1939) Erikson’s Stages
  • Erik Erikson (1902–1994)
  • Described eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging developmental crisis.
  • His first five stages build on Freud’s theory; but, he also described three adult stages. Behaviorism
  • A theory of human development that studies observable behavior. Behaviorism is also called learning theory, because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.
  • Conditioning- According to behaviorism, the processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place. Classical Conditioning (also called respondent conditioning)
  • Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
  • A process in which a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually reacting to the neutral stimulus with the same response as to the meaningful one. Operant Conditioning (also called instrumental conditioning)
  • B.F. Skinner (1904–1990)
  • A learning process in which a particular action is followed either by something desired (which makes the person or animal more likely to repeat the action) or by something unwanted (which makes the action less likely to be repeated). Social Learning Theory
  • Albert Bandura (b. 1925)
  • An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over

the experimenter adds.

  • Experimental Group :
    • gets a particular treatment
    • the independent variable
  • Comparison Group :
    • does not get the treatment
    • also called a control group The Survey
  • Information is collected from a large number of people by interview, questionnaire, or some other means.
  • Acquiring valid survey data is not easy.
  • Some people lie, some change their minds.
  • Survey answers are influenced by the wording and the sequence of the questions. Studying Development over the Life Span Cross-sectional Research
  • Groups of people of one age are compared with people of another age. Longitudinal Research
  • Collecting data repeatedly on the same individuals as they age. Cross-sequential Research
  • Study several groups of people of different ages (a cross-sectional approach) and follow them over the years (a longitudinal approach). Cautions from Science Correlation and Causation
  • A correlation exists between two variables if one variable is more (or less) likely to occur when the other does.
  • A correlation is positive if both variables tend to increase together or decrease together.
  • A correlation is negative if one variable tends to increase while the other decreases.
  • A correlation is zero if no connection is evident.
  • Correlation is not causation Ethics
  • Each academic discipline and professional society involved in the study of human development has a code of ethics.
  • Researchers must ensure that participation is voluntary , confidential , and harmless.
  • Subjects (participants in research): o must give informed consent o must understand the research procedures and any risks involved.