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Spea v 424 final Exam
corrective justice - ✔️ ✔️ involves fairness in the way punishments for lawbreaking are assigned and damages inflicted on individuals and communities are addressed
recognition justice - ✔️ ✔️ demands an acknowledgment of social differences and the unjust distribution of environmental risks
social justice - ✔️ ✔️ demands that the members of every class have enough resources and enough power to live and thrive, and that the privileged be accountable to the wider society for the way they use their advantages
Preparation and planning - ✔️ ✔️ Supervisors should know what they want and should plan the steps needed to attain their objectives, before communicating.
Using feedback - ✔️ ✔️ Feedback: The receiver's verbal or nonverbal response to a message.
Timely and useful information - ✔️ ✔️ Employees must know what is expected and what is not allowed. Supervisors can do this by asking, "what information do my employees need to do their jobs?"
Direct and clear language - ✔️ ✔️ Supervisors should avoid long, technical, complicated words
KISS technique; keep it short and simple
A calm atmosphere - ✔️ ✔️ Tension and anxiety are serious barriers to effective communication. Supervisors should always strive to communicate when both parties are calm and unburden by unusual tension or stress.
Downward communication - ✔️ ✔️ usually is informative and directive and requires subordinates to act
Upward communication - ✔️ ✔️ sually involves informing and reporting, including asking questions, making suggestions, and lodging complaints
Horizontal communication - ✔️ ✔️ communication between departments or people at the same levels but in charge of different functions
MBWA (management by walking around) - ✔️ ✔️ going where the action is and asking probing questions to receive upward communication
The Grapevine - ✔️ ✔️ nformal, unofficial communication channel
Things to know about the grapevine - ✔️ ✔️ it's impossible to eliminate the grapevine
Share info as you get it
f you don't know all the facts, admit it
Consider deliberately using influential employees to get information out
Avoid speculating to employees you'll be starting rumors yourself
Immediately act to refute or investigate harmful/serious rumors
Barriers to effective communication - ✔️ ✔️ Too much information (TMI)
Jargon
Status
Filtering
Resistance to Change
Stereotyping
Too much information (TMI) - ✔️ ✔️ overloading people with information, much of it not helpful; long, wordy emails, etc.
Jargon - ✔️ ✔️ language specific to a particular occupation or speciality that can confuse those not familiar with it
communication - ✔️ ✔️ The process of transmitting information and understanding
requirements for effective communication - ✔️ ✔️ •Communication always involves at least two people: a sender and a receiver
Repetition of messages - ✔️ ✔️ It often helps to repeat a message several times, preferably using different words and methods.
Reinforcing words with action - ✔️ ✔️ To succeed as communicators, supervisors must complement their words with appropriate and consistent actions.
How to effectively manage meetings with the boss - ✔️ ✔️ Respect the boss's time.
Check your motives.
Analyze the boss's listening style.
Plan your agenda.
Do not go to the boss "naked."
Commit to the truth.
Advertise success.
Learn to say no.
Do not keep information from your boss.
Anticipate problems.
Meet periodically to clarify expectations.
Do not be a complainer.
Do not put the boss on the defensive.
Leave on a positive note.
Make a resolution.
Motivation - ✔️ ✔️ A willingness to exert effort toward achieving a goal, stimulated by the effort's ability to fulfill an individual need
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Threory - ✔️ ✔️ suggests that employee needs are arranged in priority order such that lower order needs must be satisfied before higher order needs become motivating.
ERG Theory - ✔️ ✔️ Existence - Physiological and safety needs
Relatedness - Social and external esteem needs
Growth needs - Self actualization and internal needs
McClelland's Three - Need Theory - ✔️ ✔️ Needs for Achievement (nACH)
Needs for Affiliation (nAFF)
Needs for power (nPOW)
Needs for Achievement (nAch) - ✔️ ✔️ The need to set and complete difficult and/or new tasks.
Needs for Affiliation (nAFF) - ✔️ ✔️ The need to join groups and spend time maintaining social ties
Needs for power (nPOW) - ✔️ ✔️ The need to exert influence over others or to be in position or control.
Motivation - Hygiene Theory - ✔️ ✔️ factors in the work environment primarily influence the degree of job dissatisfaction, while intrinsic job content factors influence the amount of employee motivation
Expectancy Theory - ✔️ ✔️ The theory of motivation that holds that employees perform better when they believe such efforts lead to desired rewards
Equity Theory - ✔️ ✔️ Explains a person's desire for "fairness" in the workplace
Outcomes vs. inputs
If an employee thinks his/her ratio of outcomes vs. inputs is less than another worker, they will take action to achieve "equity" or "fairness"
Supervisory Approaches for Attaining Positive Employee Motivation - ✔️ ✔️ Job Redesign
Job Rotation
Establish Decision Criteria
Develop Alternatives
Evaluate the Alternatives
Select the Best Alternative
Follow Up and Appraise the Results
Defining the Problem - ✔️ ✔️ Avoid making snap decisions pinpoint the problem before going any further
A problem arises when there is difference between the way things are and the way they should be
Analyzing the Problem - ✔️ ✔️ Only after gaining a clear understanding of the problem can the supervisor decide how important certain data are and what additional information to seek
Is information/data factual and pertinent to the problem
Establishing Decision Criteria - ✔️ ✔️ The supervisor must know which criteria is most important and prioritize them
Standards or measures to use in evaluating alternatives
Developing Alternatives - ✔️ ✔️ The supervisors should consider as many solutions as can reasonably be developed
A decision is only as good as the best alternative identified
Evaluating the Alternatives - ✔️ ✔️ Begin by eliminating any that do no meet the supervisor's decision criteria and ethical standards
Supervisors should try to foresee the probable desirable and undesirable consequences of each alternative
Taking no action is still a decision
Selecting the Best Alternative - ✔️ ✔️ optimizing - meets most or all decision criteria
Satisficing - Selecting the alternative that meets the minimal decision criteria
Follow Up and Appraise the Results - ✔️ ✔️ The decision making process is incomplete without some form of follow
if something is noticed to have gone wrong in the follow up, the decision making process must start all over again
Decision making styles - ✔️ ✔️ deep thinker
consensus builder
convenience seeker
group commander
free spirit
deep thinker - ✔️ ✔️ decisions are made based on the facts and evidence research
consensus builder - ✔️ ✔️ Decisions are made that are acceptable to the group from shared info and idea
convenience seeker - ✔️ ✔️ Decisions are made based on the easiest method readily available
group commander - ✔️ ✔️ Decisions are made using the available info without help from others
free spirit - ✔️ ✔️ Decisions are made based on personal feelings and the feelings of others
Reasons supervisory involvement is important when going through change - ✔️ ✔️ Mitigate problems
Success or failure of a change is often directly linked to a supervisor's ability to anticipate and resolve resistance to change
Reasons employees resist change - ✔️ ✔️ Change disturbs the environment in which people exist
Many employees fear change because they cannot predict what the change will mean in terms of their positions, activities, or abilities
Nature and complexity of activities
Objective performance standards
Use of "leads" or a "lead person"
organizational chart - ✔️ ✔️ help visually depict an organizational structure
Job description - ✔️ ✔️ Written description of the principal duties and responsibilities of a job
Job specifications - ✔️ ✔️ Written description of the personal qualifications (SKA's) needed to perform a job adequately
Division of work (specialization) - ✔️ ✔️ Dividing work into components and specialized tasks to improve efficiency and output
Departmentalization - ✔️ ✔️ The process of grouping activities and people into distinct organizational units
formal organizational structure - ✔️ ✔️ Consists of the departments, positions, functions, authority, and reporting relationships
Should represent the best way an organization can accomplish its objectives and functions
Project Management Organizational Structure - ✔️ ✔️ a hybrid structure in which regular (functional) line and staff departments coexist with project teams made up of people from different departments
Benefits of Project Management Organizational Structure - ✔️ ✔️ Focus special talents from different departments on specific projects for certain periods
Disadvantages of Project Management Organizational Structure - ✔️ ✔️ Can have problems with direct accountability in that it violates the unity of command principle and schedules employees across several projects
Line authority - ✔️ ✔️ The right to direct others and to require them to conform to decisions, policies, rules, and objectives
Staff authority - ✔️ ✔️ The right to provide counsel, advice, support, and service in a person's areas of expertise
Line and staff type organizational structure - ✔️ ✔️ Structure that combines line and staff departments and incorporates line and staff authority
Concepts of planning an effective meeting - ✔️ ✔️ Have a plan and an agenda
Select participants who will bring knowledge and expertise to the meeting
Notify participants well in advance of the meeting.
Begin the meeting on time.
Try to stay on the subject and adjourn on time, but make adjustments as necessary
Follow up, including distributing a summary of the meeting (minutes) and actions to be taken
Human resource management (HRM) - ✔️ ✔️ Organizational philosophies, policies, and practices that strive for the effective use of employees
Human resources (HR) department - ✔️ ✔️ Department that provides advice and service to other departments on human resource matters
Roles of the Human Resources Department - ✔️ ✔️ Manage the HR process within an organization
Develop and initiate strategic initiatives that support the organization's mission and objectives
Staffing/Hiring
Training and Development
Labor and Employee Relations
Safety and Health Compliance
general steps a supervisor should take when reviewing job applications prior to an interview - ✔️ ✔️ Review the Applicant's Background
understanding the Consequences of Failing to Check Adequately
Religion
Education
Organizations
Orientation - ✔️ ✔️ The process of smoothing the transition of new employees into the organization
Onboarding - ✔️ ✔️ new employees acquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and behaviors in order to become effective organizational members and insiders
Different approaches to training employees - ✔️ ✔️ On the job
Off the job How should we balance multiple potential uses of public land? - ✔️ ✔️ The debate is often between those that want to manage for public uses (biodiversity, recreation) with those that want to use for private benefits (resource extraction)
Federal Public Land - ✔️ ✔️ -30% of US land is owned by the government
- 2.3 billion acres of total US Land
- 85 million acres of national park services
- 150 million acres of US fish and wildlife service
- 193 million acres of US forest service
- 248 million surface acres of Bureau of land management
Bureau of Land Management - ✔️ ✔️ -established in 1946 through consolidation of general land office and US Grazing service
- located within department of interior
- managed about 260 million surface acres or about 13% of total US land surface
- responsibilities include commercial timber management, grazing, and soil watershed management
US forest service - ✔️ ✔️ -established in 1905 and located within the US department of agriculture
- manages national forests and grasslands which encompass about 193 million acres of land
- basic mission: manage forests for sustainable yield of timber
- "conservationist" rather than "preservationist" approach to protection
US Forest Service - ✔️ ✔️ -responsible for implementing he national forest management act (1976)
- forest service required to put in place formal planning process for use of national forests (plans for timber harvesting)
- An environmental impact statement (EIS) is required for each plan because of the national environmental policy act (NEPA)
- guidelines needed to protect animals and plants
US Forest Service - ✔️ ✔️ Shifting mission over the years
- clinton admin: ecosystem management
- "roadless rule": 58 million acres to remain wilderness (about 30% of forests); rile issued in last week of admin
- 9 years of court challenges: rule reinstated by 9th circuit court of appeals in October 2009
- bush admin: development and resource extraction
- has continued to flip=flop in priorities from obama to trump to biden
why has it been so difficult to bring more of an "environmental" approach to managing public lands? - ✔️ ✔️ -hisotry and mission for managing for mutliple use
- multiple agenices with jurisdiction, each with its own culture
- strong interest groups vs. public apathy (concentrated private costs v. diffuse public benefitd)
- "agency capture"
- "iron-triangles"
agency capture - ✔️ ✔️ Agency capture describes a situation in which a particularistic interest -- political, economic, or both - co-opts an agency's activities and decisions.
- when an interest group has control over an agency
iron triangle - ✔️ ✔️ An iron triangle is the term used to describe a relationship that develops between congressional committees, the federal bureaucracy and interest groups
national monuments as a conservation tool? - ✔️ ✔️ -1906 antiquities act empowers presidents and congree to set aside public land as "national monuments"
efforts to change/rescind national monuments - ✔️ ✔️ -changes to national monuments in december 2017
- bears ears: 1.3 million acres to 230,000 acres
- grand staircase: 1.9 million acres to 1 million acres
- changes to national monuments in october 2021:
- biden restored cuts in size made by trump
what is ANWR? - ✔️ ✔️ -Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
- rope of tug of war for drilling in alaska
- land was closed after WWII
- $50 million of oil prospecting from the navy
- people protested to open the field for private drilling companies
- conservationists wanted the land to be preserved
- "habitat conservation plan"- planning document that takes will be minimized or mitigated by protecting species' habitat
- "safe harbor agreements"- voluntary agreement that rewards efforts to protect habitat for threatened and endangered species, that reliefs landowners from future regulations
characteristics of EJ movement - ✔️ ✔️ -comprised of true "grassroot" organizations
- place-based in orientation
- builds on existing social capital from civil rights organizations, churches, and other community and neighborhood groups
- view environmental issues broadly: "connect dots" with other social issues, such as economic opportunity, housing discrimination, social justice
- view government as equally culpable as industry
environmental justice - ✔️ ✔️ the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.
environmental racism - ✔️ ✔️ any policy, practice, or directive that differentially affects or disadvantages individuals, groups, or communities based on race or color
distributive justice - ✔️ ✔️ involves the equitable distribution of the burdens resulting from environmentally threatening activities or of the environmental benefits of gov't and private sector programs
procedural justice - ✔️ ✔️ involves the need for democratic decisions that are inclusive and representative of affected individuals
sacrifice zones - ✔️ ✔️ Often "fenceline communities" of low-income and people of color, or toxic "hot spots" where residents live right next to heavily polluted industries or military bases
Chester Pennsylvania - ✔️ ✔️ -below poverty line
- 4 hazardous and municipal waste treatment facilities
- 2/3 of the country's total waste
EJ movement - ✔️ ✔️ -first national people of color environmental leadership summit (1991)
- broadened movement to new areas beyond toxics, including health, land use, and transportation
- pooling of human capital and financial resources, enabling growth of multi-racial grassroots movement
- explosion of organizations, now in the hundreds +
EJ location studies - ✔️ ✔️ -numerous researchers have shown positive correlations between race, class, and the location of
- commercial hazardous waste facilities
- federal superfund sites
- TRI facilities
- several studies have found no race effects, and some no class effects, but mega- analysis suggests statistically significant race effects
EJ pollution levels - ✔️ ✔️ -several studies have found positive correlations between minority and low-income communities and levels of:
- air and water pollution
- TRI emmisions
EJ environmental enforcement - ✔️ ✔️ -studies of regulatory enforcement of CAA, CWA, and RCRA suggest both race and class disparities
five common explanations for disparities in siting outcomes - ✔️ ✔️ -scientific rationality
- economic factors
- intentional discrimination (siting, zoning, segregation)
- neighborhood transition
- political power
president Clinton's executive order 12898 - ✔️ ✔️ fed agaencies are required to:
- make achieving EJ part of their missions by identifying and addressing as appropriate, disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental affects of programs, policies, and activities on minority and low-income populations
- develope an agency-wide EJ strategy that should:
- promote enforcement of health and enviro laws in low-income and minority areas
- ensure greater public participation in agency decision making
- improve research and data collection associated with EJ issues
- identify minority and low-income patterns of consumption of natural resources
Clinton's Executive Order 12898 - ✔️ ✔️ key components:
- submit their EJ strategies to the fed interagency working group on EJ convened by the EPA admin, which is then the report government-wide progress to the executive office of the white house
- undertake certain activities, such as ensuring that documents are concise, understandable, and readily accessible and translating documents, where appropriate, to support public participation
civil rights act VI - ✔️ ✔️ - title VI prohibits recipients of federal financial assistance from discrimination on the basis of race, color, ornaional origin in their programs or activities
- allows persons to file admin complaints with the fed departments
- ratified by 200 countries including US by Bush
1992 UNFCCC treaty- important features - ✔️ ✔️ -as a "framework convention" treaty sets out broad strategies for countries work jointly to address climate change
- established principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities"
- all countries have an obligation to act, but industrialized countries and economies in transition have a particular responsibility to act
- developing nations not expected to reduce emissions in short-term
- recognition of right to development
1997 kyoto protocol - ✔️ ✔️ contentious issues:
- mandatory targets for emission cuts
- policy mechanisms that should be allowed to reach their GHG targets
- last minute compromise resulted in deal
- most UNFCCC parties eventually ratified but not the US
- canada ratified treaty, but withdrew in 2011
- other countries back out after
EPA regulation during the obama admin - ✔️ ✔️ clean power plan: CO2 limits for exsiting coal power plants proposed in june 2014
- goal: reduce nationwide co2 emissions from the power sector by 32% below 2005 levels in 2030
- states can use four tools for reduction
- make exciting coal plants more efficient
- use existing gas plants more effectively
- increase use of renewable and nuclear power
- increase end-use energy efficiency
clean energy mandates - ✔️ ✔️ -requires electirc power generators to rpovide some percentage of power from "clean sources"
- key issues:
- percentage and target date
- coverage of energy sources are covered
- carve outs for specific sources
- alternative complaince mechanisms
cap and trade - ✔️ ✔️ -gov begins by setting the desired level of emissions
- firms are allocated to permits to emit pollutants
- firms can buy and sell permits
- permit trading allows a given level of pollution control to be achieved for the least possible cost
carbon tax - ✔️ ✔️ basic idea: impose fee/tax on CO2 equivalent of GHG emissions from a set of sources
- to be efficient should cover all sources, and bet set equal to the marginal benefits of emissions reduction
- revenue could be used for any number of purposes
- payroll tax cut to offset cost to consumers
- fed deficit reduction
- investment in R&D
- "just transition"
carbon tax- implementation - ✔️ ✔️ -downstream: at point of use of fuels, such s power plants, factories, motor vehicles upstream: fossil fuel suppliers, such as coal miners, refineries, natural gas producers, importers 1997 kyoto protocol- features of treaty - ✔️ ✔️ -regulated six GHGs: CO2, nitrus oxide, perflurocarbons, HFCs, sulfur hexafluoride ways to meet target:
- develop national polices to lower domestic GHG emissions
- calculate benefits from domestic carbon sinks
- participate in transnational emissions trading with other annex 1 countries
- development joint implementation programs with other annex 1 countries
- design partnership with non-annex 1 countries through clean development mechanism
2015 paris agreement - ✔️ ✔️ -each nation committed its own set of emission reduction commitments
- set 2 degree target
- codified goal of raising $100 billion for climate finance
- monitor progress, and ratchet up targets over time
- includes recognition of importance of funding for "loss and damage" but no formal liability
Glasgow - ✔️ ✔️ -151 countries submitted updated "nationally determined contributions"
- collectivey fall short of 2 degree goal
- agreed to submit new pledges next year
- agreed to "phase down" use of coal
- agreement to "phase out" fossil fuel subsidies, but no timeline
- promise to end deforestation by 2030
- agreement of 100 countries to cut methane emissions by 30% by 2030
- some new commitments to provide more money to poorer countries for mitigation and adaption
