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CHAPTER 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
SECTION 101. Title
This Decree shall be known as the “National Building Code of the Philippines” and shall hereinafter be referred as the “Code”.
SECTION 102. Declaration of Policy
It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State of safeguard life, health, property, and public welfare, consistent with the principles of sound environmental management and control; and to this end, make it the purpose of this Code to provide for all buildings and structures, a framework of minimum standards and requirements to regulate and control their location, site, design, quality of materials, construction, use occupancy, and maintenance.
SECTION 103. Scope and Application
(a) The provisions of this Code shall apply to the design, location, sitting, construction, alteration, repair, conversion, use, occupancy, maintenance, moving, demolition of, and addition to public and private buildings and structures, except traditional indigenous family dwellings as defined herein.
(b) Buildings and/or structures constructed before the approval of this Code shall not be affected except when alterations, additions, conversions or repairs are to be made therein in which case, this Code shall apply only to portions to be altered, added converted or repaired.
SECTION 104. General Building Requirements
(a) All buildings or structures as well as accessory facilities thereto shall conform in all respects to the principles of safe construction and must be suited to the purpose for which they are designed.
(b) Buildings or structures intended to be used for the manufacture and/or production of any kind of article or product shall observe adequate environmental safeguards.
(c) Buildings or structures and all parts thereof as well as all facilities found therein shall be maintained in safe, sanitary and food working condition.
SECTION 105. Site Requirements
The land or site upon which will be constructed any building or structure, or any ancillary or auxiliary facility thereto, shall be sanitary, hygienic or safe. In case of sites or buildings intended for use as human habitation or abode, the same shall be at a safe distance, as determined by competent authorities, from sterns or bodies of water and/or sources of air considered to be polluted; from a volcano or volcanic site and/or any other building considered to be a potential source of fire or explosion.
SECTION 106. Definitions
As used in this Code, the words, terms and phrases enumerated in Annex “A” hereof shall have the meaning or definition, correspondingly provided therein.
CHAPTER 2
ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT
SECTION 201. Responsibility for Administration and Enforcement
The administration and enforcement of the provisions of this Code including the imposition of the penalties for administrative violations thereof is hereby vested in the Secretary of Public Works, Transportation and Communications, hereinafter referred to as the “Secretary”.
SECTION 202. Technical Staff
The Secretary is hereby authorized to constitute and provide in his Department a professional staff composed of highly qualified architects, engineers and technicians who possess diversified and professional experience in the field of building design and construction.
SECTION 203. General Powers and Functions of the Secretary under this Code
For purposes of carrying out the provisions of this Code, the Secretary shall exercise the following general powers and functions:
(1) Formulate policies, plans, standards, and guidelines on building design, construction, use, occupancy and maintenance, in accordance with this Code.
(2) Issue and promulgate policies, plans, standards and guidelines formulated under paragraph 1 of this Section.
In his respective territorial jurisdiction, the Building Official shall be primarily responsible for the enforcement of the provisions of this Code as well as of the implementing rules and regulations issued therefor. He is the official charged with the duties of issuing building permits. In the performance of his duties, a Building Official may enter any building or its premises at all reasonable time to inspect and determine compliance with the requirements of this Code, and the terms and conditions provided for in the building permit as issued. When any building work is found to be contrary to the provisions of this Code, the Building Official may order the work stopped and prescribe the terms and/or conditions when the work will be allowed to resume. Likewise, the Building Official is authorized to order the discontinuance of the occupancy or use of any building or structure or portion thereof found to be occupied or used contrary to the provisions of this Code.
SECTION 208. Fees
Every Building Official shall keep a permanent record and accurate account of all fees and other charges fixed and authorized by the Secretary to be collected and received under this Code. Subject to existing budgetary, accounting and auditing rules and regulations, the Building Official is hereby authorized to retain not more than twenty percent of his collection for the operating expenses of his office. The remaining eighty percent shall be deposited with the city or municipal treasurer and shall accrue to the General Fund of the city or municipality concerned.
SECTION 209. Exemption
Public buildings and traditional indigenous family dwellings shall be exempt from payment of building permit fees. As used in this Code, the term “traditional indigenous family dwelling” means a dwelling intended for the use and occupancy by the family of the owner only and constructed of native materials such as bamboo, nipa, logs, or lumber, the total cost of which does not exceed fifteen thousand pesos.
SECTION 210. Use of Income from Fees
Any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding, the Secretary is hereby authorized to prescribe the procedures for the use of all net income realized by the office of the Building Official from the collection of fees and charges not exceeding twenty percent thereof in accordance with Section 208. Such income may be used to cover necessary operating expenses including the purchase of equipment, supplies and materials, travelling expenses, obligation expenses and sheriff’s fees and payment of other prior years’ obligations not adequately funded, subject to existing budgetary and auditing rules and regulations.
SECTION 211. Implementing Rules and Regulations
In the implementation of the provisions of this Code, the Secretary shall formulate necessary rules and regulations and adopt design and construction standards and criteria for buildings and other structures. Such standards, rules and regulations shall take effect after their publication once a week for three consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation.
SECTION 212. Administrative Fines
For the violation of any of the provisions of this Code or any of the rules or regulations issued thereunder, the Secretary is hereby empowered to prescribe and impose fines not exceeding ten thousand pesos.
SECTION 213. Penal Provisions
It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, to erect, construct, enlarge, alter, repair, move, improve, remove, convert, demolish, equip, use, occupy, or maintain any building or structure or cause the same to be done contrary to or in violation of any provision of this Code. Any person, firm or corporation who shall violate any of the provisions of this Code and/or commit any act hereby declared to be unlawful shall upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not more than twenty thousand pesos or by imprisonment of not more that two years or by both such fine and imprisonment: Provided, that in the case of a corporation firm, partnership or association, the penalty shall be imposed upon its officials responsible for such violation and in case the guilty party is an alien, he shall immediately deported after payment of the fine and/or service of his sentence.
SECTION 214. Dangerous and Ruinous Buildings or Structures
Dangerous building are those which are herein declared as such or are structurally unsafe or not provided with safe egress, or which constitute a fire hazard, or are otherwise dangerous to human life, or which in relation to existing use, constitute a dilapidation, obsolescence, or abandonment; or which otherwise contribute to the pollution of the site or the community to an intolerable degree.
SECTION 215. Abatement of Dangerous Buildings
When any building or structure is found or declared to be dangerous or ruinous, the Building Official shall order its repair, vacation or demolition depending upon the degree of danger to life, health, or safety. This is without prejudice to further action that may be taken under the provisions of Articles 482 and 694 to 707 of the Civil Code of the Philippines.
SECTION 216. Other Remedies
The rights, actions and remedies provided in this Code shall be in addition to any and all other rights of action and remedies that may be available under existing laws.
CHAPTER 3
PERMITS AND INSPECTION
SECTION 301. Building Permits
Approved plans and specifications shall not be changed, modified or altered without the approval of the Building Official and the work shall be done strictly in accordance thereto.
SECTION 305. Validity of Building Permits
The issuance of a building permit shall not be construed as an approval or authorization to the permittee to disregard or violate any of the provisions of this Code. Whenever the issuance of a permit is based on approved plans and specifications which are subsequently found defective, the Building Official is not precluded from requiring permittee to effect the necessary corrections in said plans and specifications or from preventing or ordering the stoppage of any or all building operations being carried on thereunder which are in violation of this Code.
SECTION 306. Non-Issuance, Suspension or Revocation of Building Permits
The Building Official may order or cause the non-issuance, suspension or revocation of building permits on any or all of the following reasons or grounds:
(a) Errors found in the plans and specifications;
(b) Incorrect or inaccurate date or information supplied;
(c) Non-compliance with the provisions of this Code or of any rule or regulation.
Notice of non-issuance, suspension or revocation of building permits shall always be made in writing, stating the reason or grounds therefor.
SECTION 307. Appeal
Within fifteen {15} days from the date of receipt of advice of the non-issuance, suspension or revocation of permits, the applicant/permitee may file an appeal with the Secretary who shall render his decision within fifteen days from date of receipt of notice of appeal. The decision of the Secretary shall be final subject only to review by the office of the President.
SECTION 308. Inspection and Supervision of Work
The owner of the Building who is issued or granted a building permit under this Code shall engage the services of a duly licensed architect or civil engineer to undertake the full time inspection and supervision of the construction work. Such architect or civil engineer may or may not be the same architect or civil engineer who is responsible for the design of the building. It is understood however that in either case, the designing architect or civil engineer is not precluded from conducting inspection of the construction work to check and determine compliance with the plans and specifications of the building as submitted. There shall be kept at the jobsite at all times a logbook wherein the actual progress of construction including tests conducted, weather conditions and other pertinent data are to be recorded. Upon completion of the construction, the said licensed architect or civil engineer shall submit the logbook, duly signed and sealed, to the Building Official. He shall also prepare and submit a Certificate
of Completion of the project stating that the construction of building conforms to the provisions of this Code as well as with the approved plans and specifications.
SECTION 309. Certificate of Occupancy
No building or structure shall be used or occupied and no change in the existing use or occupancy classification of a building structure or portion thereof shall be made until the Building Official has issued a Certificate of Occupancy therefor as provided in this Code. A Certificate of Occupancy shall be issued by the Building Official within thirty (30) days if after final inspection and submittal of a Certificate of Completion referred to in the preceding section, it is found that the building or structure complies with the provisions of this Code. The Certificate of Occupancy shall be posted or displayed in a conspicuous place on the premises and shall not be removed except upon order of the Building Official. The non-issuance, suspension and revocation of Certificates of Occupancy and the procedure for appeal therefrom shall be governed in so far as applicable, by the provisions of Section 306 and 307 of this Code.
CHAPTER 4
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
SECTION 401. Types of Construction
For purposes of this Code, all buildings proposed for construction shall be classified or identified according to the following types:
(1) Type I - Type I buildings shall be of wood construction. The structural elements may be any of the materials permitted by this Code.
(2) Type II - Type II buildings shall be of wood construction with protective fire-resistant materials and one-hour fire-resistive throughout; Except, that permanent non-bearing partitions may use fire-retardant treated wood within the framing assembly.
(3) Type III - Type III buildings shall be of masonry and wood construction. Structural elements may be any of the materials permitted by this Code: Provided, that the building shall be one-hour fire- resistive throughout. Exterior walls shall be of incombustible fire-resistive construction.
(4) Type IV - Type IV buildings shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry construction. Walls, ceilings, and permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire-resistive construction: Except, that permanent non-bearing partitions of one-hour fire-resistive construction may use fire-retardant treated wood within the framing assembly.
Temporary buildings such as reviewing stands and other miscellaneous structures conforming to the requirements of this Code, and sheds, canopies and fences used for the protection of the public around and in conjunction with construction work, may be erected in the fire zones by special permit from the Building Official for a limited period of time, and such buildings or structures shall be- completely removed upon the expiration of the time limit stated in such permits.
SECTION 505. Center Lines of Streets
For the purpose of this Chapter, the center line of an adjoining street or alley may be considered and adjacent property line. Distances shall be measured at right angles to the street or alley.
SECTION 506. Restrictions on Existing Buildings
Existing buildings or structures in fire zones that do not comply with the requirements for a new building erected therein shall not hereafter be enlarged, altered, remodeled, repaired or moved except as follows:
(a) Such building is entirely demolished;
(b) Such building is to be moved outside the limits of the more highly restrictive Fire Zone to a zone where the building meets the minimum standards;
(c) Changes, alterations and repairs may be made provided that in any 12-month period, the value of the work does not excess twenty percent of the value of the existing building, and provided that, such changes do not add additional combustible material, and do not, in the opinion of the Building Official, increase the fire hazard;
(d) Additions thereto are separated from the existing building by fire walls, as setforth in Sub- section 604 (b);
(e) Damage from fire or earthquake, typhoons or any fortuitous event may be repaired, using the same kind of materials of which the building or structure was originally constructed, provided that, the cost of such repair shall not exceed twenty percent of the replacement cost of the building or structure.
SECTION 507. Designation of Fire Zones
The Secretary shall promulgate specific restrictions for each type of Fire Zone. Cities and municipalities shall be divided into such Fire Zones in accordance with local, physical, spatial framework plans submitted by city or municipal planning and/or development bodies.
CHAPTER 6
FIRE-RESISTIVE REQUIREMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION
SECTION 601. Fire-Resistive Rating defined
Fire resistive rating means the degree to which a material can withstand fire as determined by generally recognized and accepted testing methods.
SECTION 602. Fire-Resistive Time Period Rating
Fire-resistive time period rating is the length of time a material can withstand being burned which may be on-hour, two-hours, three-hours, four-hours, etc.
SECTION 603. Fire-Resistive Standards
All materials of construction, and assemblies or combinations thereof shall be classified according to their fire-retardant or flame-spread ratings as determined by general accepted testing methods an/or by the Secretary.
SECTION 604. Fire-Resistive Regulations
The Secretary shall prescribe standards and promulgate rules and regulations on the testing of construction materials for flame-spread characteristics, tests on fire damages, fire tests of building construction and materials, door assemblies and tinclad fire doors and window assemblies, the installation of fire doors and windows and smoke and fire detectors for fire protective signaling system, application and use of controlled interior finish, fire-resistive protection for structural members, fire- resistive walls and partitions, fire-resistive floor or roof ceiling, fire-resistive assemblies for protection of openings and fire-retardant roof coverings.
CHAPTER 7
CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENT
OF ALL BUILDINGS BY USE OR OCCUPANCY
SECTION 701. Occupancy Classified
(a) Buildings proposed for construction shall be identified according to their use or the character of its occupancy and shall be classified as follows:
(1) Group A - Residential Dwellings
Group A Occupancies shall be dwellings.
(2) Group B - Residentials, Hotels and Apartments
Group G Occupancies shall include:
Division 1 – Storage and handling of hazardous and highly flammable material.
Division 2 – Storage and handling of flammable materials, dry cleaning plants using flammable liquids; paint stores with bulk handling, paint shops and spray painting rooms.
Division 3 - Wood working establishments, planing mills and box factories, shops, factories where loose combustible fibers or dust are manufactured, processed or generated; warehouses where highly combustible material is stored.
Division 4 - repair garages.
Division 5 - Aircraft repair hangars.
(8) Group H - Assembly Other than Group 1
Group H Occupancies shall include:
Division 1 - Any assembly building with a stage and an occupant load of less than 1000 in the building.
Division 2 - Any assembly building without stage and having an occupant load of 300 or more in the building.
Division 3 - Any assembly building without a stage and having an occupant load of less than 300 in the building.
Division 4 - Stadia, reviewing stands, amusement park structures not included within Group 1 or in division 1, 2, and 3 of this Group.
(9) Group 1 - Assembly Occupant Load 1000 or More
Group 1 Occupancies shall be any assembly building with a stage and an occupant load of 1000 or more in the building.
(10) Group J – Accessory
Group J Occupancies shall included:
Division 1 - Private garage, carports, sheds and agricultural buildings.
Division 2 - Fences over 1.80 meters high, tanks, and towers.
(b) Other subgroupings or divisions within Groups A to J may be determined by the Secretary. Any other occupancy not mention specifically in this Section, or about which there is any question, shall
be included in the Group which it most nearly resembles based on the existing or proposed life and fire hazard.
SECTION 702. Change in Use
No change shall be made in the character of occupancy or use of any building which would place the building in a different division of the same group of occupancy or in a different group of occupancies , unless such building is made to comply with the requirements of this Code for such division or group of occupancy or in different group of occupancies, unless such building is made to comply with the requirements of this Code for such division or group of occupancy. The character of occupancy of existing buildings may be changed subject to the approval of the Building Official and the building may be occupied for purposes set forth in other Groups: Provided the new purposed use is less hazardous, based on life and fire risk, than the existing use.
SECTION 703. Mixed Occupancy
(a)General Requirements
When a building is of mixed occupancy or used for more than one occupancy, the whole building shall be subject to the most restrictive requirement pertaining to any of the type of occupancy found therein except in the following:
(1) When a one-storey building houses more than one occupancy, each portion of the building shall conform to the requirement of the particular occupancy housed therein and;
(2) Where minor accessory uses do not occupy more than ten percent of the area of any floor or a building, nor more than ten percent of the basic area permitted in the occupancy requirements, in which case, the major use of the building shall determine the occupancy classification.
(b) Forms of Occupancy Separation
Occupancy separations shall be vertical or horizontal or both, or when necessary, of such other forms as may be required to afford a complete separation between the various occupancy divisions in the building.
(c) Types of Occupancy Separation
Occupancy separation shall be classified as “One-Hour Fire Resistive”, “Two-Hour Fire- Resistive”, “Three-Hour Fire-Resistive” and “Four-Hour Fire-Resistive.”
(1) A “One-Hour Fire Resistive Occupancy Separation” shall be of not less than three-hour fire-resistive construction. All openings in such separation shall be protected by a fire-assembly having a one-hour fire-resistive rating.
(2) A “Two-Hour Fire Resistive Occupancy Separation” shall be of not less than two-hour fire-resistive construction. All openings in such separation shall be protected by a fire assembly having a two-hourfire-resistive rating.
buildings on the same property may be considered as one building if the aggregate area of such building is within the limits of allowable floor areas for a single building, and when the buildings so considered, house different occupancies or are of different types of construction, the area shall be that allowed for the most restrictive occupancy or construction.
SECTION 705. Allowable Floor Areas
The allowable floor areas for one-storey building and buildings over one-storey shall not exceed the limits prescribed by the Secretary for each occupancy groups and/or types of construction. For purposes of this Section, each portion of a building separated by one or more area separation walls may be considered a separate building provided the area separation walls meet the requirements prescribed therefor by the Secretary.
SECTION 706. Allowable Floor Area Increases
The floor areas hereinabove provided may be increased in certain specific instances and under appropriate conditions, based on the existence of public space, streets or yards extending along and adjoining two or more sides of the building or structure subject to the approval of the Building Official.
SECTION 707. Maximum height of Buidligns
The maximum height and number of storeys of every building shall be dependent upon the character of occupancy and the type of construction as determined by the Secretary considering population density, building bulk, widths of streets and car parking requirements. The height shall be measured from the highest adjoining sidewalk or ground surface: Provided, that the height measured from the lowest adjoining surface shall not exceed such maximum height by more than 3.00 meters: Except, that towers, spires, and steeples, erected as part of a building and not used for habitation or storage are limited as to height only by structural design if completely of incombustible materials, or may extend not to exceed 6.00 meters above the height limits for each occupancy group if of combustible materials.
SECTION 708. Minimum Requirements for Group Dwellings
(a) Dwelling Location and Lot Occupancy
The dwelling shall occupy not more than ninety percent of a corner lot and eighty percent of an inside lot, and subject to the provisions on Easements of Light and View of the Civil Code of Philippines, shall be at least 2 meters from the property line.
(b) Light and Ventilation
Every dwelling shall be so constructed and arranged as to provide adequate light and ventilation as provided under Section 805 to Section 811, of this Code.
(c) Sanitation
Every dwelling shall be provided with at least one sanitary toilet and adequate washing and drainage facilities.
(d) Foundation
Footings shall be of sufficient size and strength to support the load of the dwelling and shall be at least 250 millimeters thick and 600 millimeters below the surface of the ground.
(e) Post
The dimensions of wooden posts shall be those found in Table 708-A: Dimensions of Wooden Posts (Annex B-1). Each post shall be anchored to such footing by straps and bolts of adequate size.
(f) Floor
The live load of the first floor shall be at least 200 kilograms per square meter and for the second floor, at least 150 kilograms per square meter.
(g) Roof
The wind load for roofs shall be at least 120 kilograms per square meter for vertical projection.
(h) Stairs Stairs shall be at least 750 millimeters in clear width, with a rise of 200 millimeters and a minimum run of 200 millimeters.
(i) Entrance and Exit
There shall be at least one entrance and another one for exit.
(j) Electrical Requirements
All electrical installation shall conform to the requirements of the Philippine Electrical Code.
(k) Mechanical Requirements
Mechanical systems and/or equipment installation shall be subject to the requirement of the Philippine Mechanical Engineering Code.
SECTION 709. Requirements for Other Group Occupancies
Subject to the provisions of this Code, the Secretary shall promulgate rules and regulations for each of the other Group Occupancies covering: allowable construction height, and area; location on property, exit facilities, light, ventilation, and sanitation; enclosures of vertical openings; fore extinguishing systems; and special hazards.
CHAPTER 8
meters and succeeding storeys shall have an unobstructed typical head-room clearance of not less than 2.10 meters above the finished floor. Above stated rooms with a natural ventilation shall have ceiling heights not less than 2.70 meters.
(b) Mezzanine floors shall have clear ceiling height not less than 1.80 meters above and below it.
SECTION 806. Size and Dimension of Rooms
(a) Minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as follows:
- Rooms for Human Habitations - 6.00 square meters with a least dimension follows:
- Kitchens - 3.00 square meters with a least dimension of 1.50 meters;
- Bath and toilet - 1.20 square meters with a least dimension of 0.90 meter.
SECTION 807. Air Space Requirements in Determining the Size of Rooms
(a) School Rooms - 3.00 cubic meters with 1.00 square meter of floor area per person;
- School Rooms - 3.00 cubic meter with 1.00 square meter of floor area per person;
- Workshops, Factories, and Offices - 12.00 cubic meters of air space per person;
- Habitable rooms - 14.00 cubic meters of air space per person.
SECTION 808. Window Openings
(a) Every room intended for any use, not provided with artificial ventilation system as herein specified in this Code, shall be provided with a window or windows with a total free area of openings equal to at least ten percent of the floor area of room, and such window shall open directly to a court, yard, public street or alley, or open water courses.
SECTION 809. Vent Shafts
(a) Ventilation or vent shafts shall have a horizontal cross-sectional area of not less 0.10 square meter for every meter of height of shaft but in no case shall the area be less than 1.00 square meter. No vent shaft shall have its least dimension less than 600 millimeters.
(b) Skylights - Unless open to the outer air at the top for its full area, vent shaft shall be covered by a skylight having a net free area or fixed louver openings equal to the maximum required shaft area.
(c) Air ducts shall open to a street or court by a horizontal duct or intake at a point below the lowest window opening. Such duct or intake hall have a minimum unobstructed cross-sectional area of not less than 0.30 square meter with a minimum dimension of 300 millimeters. The openings to the duct or intake shall be not less than 300 millimeters above the bottom of the shaft and the street surface or level of court, at the respective ends of the duct or intake.
SECTION 810. Ventilation Skylights
(a) Skylights shall have a glass area not less than that required for the windows that are replaced. They shall be equipped with movable sashes or louvers with an aggregate net free area not less than that required for openable parts in the window that are replaced or provided with approved artificial ventilation of equivalent effectiveness.
SECTION 811. Artificial Ventilation
(a) Rooms or spaces housing industrial or heating equipment shall be provided with artificial means of ventilation to prevent excessive accumulation of hot and/or polluted air.
(b) Whenever artificial ventilation is required, the equipment shall be designed and constructed to meet the following minimum requirements in air changes:
- For rooms entirely above grade and used for office, clerical, or administrative purposes, or as stores, sales rooms, restaurants, markets, factories, workshops, or machinery rooms, not less than three changes of air per hour shall be provided.
- For rooms entirely above grade ad used as bakeries, hotel or restaurant kitchens, laundries other than accessory to dwellings, and boiler rooms - not less than ten changes of air per hour shall be provided.
- For auditorium and other rooms used for assembly purposes, with seats or other accommo- dations - not less than 0.30 cubic meter of air per minute shall be supplied for each person.
- For wards and dormitories of institutional buildings - not less than 0.45 cubic meter of air per minute shall be supplied for each person accommodated.
- For other rooms or spaces not specifically covered under this Section of the Code, applicable provisions of the Philippine Mechanical Engineering Code, shall be followed.
CHAPTER 9
SANITATION
