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ALAKH SIR ke FARREY ELECTRICITY, CHARGE ( 8) :- © Twoty pes of charge @30 {il) ST Unit of charge Coulomb (c) iii) smallest independent charge Electron(e} de= Lexio 8 & <8 Attract +—T <8 © 2 Repel « oo there CURRENT (I) 3— * cursemt is Rate of flow of charge- . ; (Flow of tve harge) * Direction opcussent:- opposite tv direction » SE Unit of current Ampere(ay flow ofelectron ee POTENTIAL DIFF ERENCE CP.D}IV)- Potential Difference between two Points Is amount of work done in moving @ unit charge (4c) prom one point to the other. Cz 2) Toules (7) Volt ~ c wok Ww) Gray) fs ential di¢ference tneasured by an . Potent ene voltmeter ° Electric current (A) is measured by Ammeter- — | —, i . s, LP H.P Electron flows from lower ntial ao igher poteital. Porn x current(I) plows from Higher potenttal to lower potential. symbol —4] F— 1-5V combination of cell *Y AH He t5v i5v ity Loy = 6y RESISTANCE eww obstruction offered tothe Flow of charges (current) proper rhe conductor te obstruct flow of charges. Q=It @ = frrea opcrosssection + ap 2 inmelres in m2 in + a nom Factors on which Resistance of ( Coriductor) Depends :- a Cad Ca. iil) Material resistrurty P property (iv) Temperature Temperatuse T grunit of Rs- ohm Resistivity(P)- unit= 2m (iP is a property of thematerial @) Metals and Alloys have low Py Giood conductor of electricity. copper and Aluminium ave used por fransmi- ion lines . . (3) Insulators Tike Rubber and Gilass have high P OHM ’s LAN = Tie. potential diggerence (WV) across the ends of a metallic conductor is divectly proportional to the cuavent flowing through it frovided its temperature vemains the same. wv Aare at “Temes, Q=TR) GER) —V alt lopeT Rt Ampere “ohm we . Straightline trick- VJRal pass onigin V=IR sili exam Experimental setup- Ammeted+ g I R ’ voltmeter Combination of Resistors~ Ry Thi SERIES Ry Re resume PEM EE vi Different yargy veERa V=TRe fa Parallel =~ Ri T — Diggerent 94 ‘iw vy came * fee) Re Disadyantage « of seties combination (ig one device rails , all others devices in that series will notwork. (a)Devices of dippevent types need diggerent cussent. for eg 7 bulb ind heater needs di event crssent an cannot Keconneeted in series this can be done with parallel combination. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Dus & closed path of electric current An electric colt Abattery ora combination ot cots |——*| | Plug key or switch (open) Plug key or switch (closed) Wires crossing without joining Electric bulb Electric Powers .~ « Rate at which electrical€nergy R is Consumed . i OP =v Amere x V=iIR ley. en" oat J yet \ @ oft) &5} Electrical Enesgy(€),-— al én (6) supplied by cell Generally E> $-Iunit—> Touyles _ é LKwh=3-6X10°J pat, generally Eis measured in KWh in hour kw in kt, ‘lege, wat) Gizli ka Gill Banao :— Energy ka Paisa Flectric Meter = 1 unit openevqy dunit = tkwh nergy inkwh : Ckithi energy Use Ki kwh mein) Heating Effect of Blecttic cursent.- when an electric current passes trough a conductor or an electricdevice, the conductor becomes hot aptersome time and produce heat. This iscalled Heating egpect or electric current: Practical Application of Heating Eggect of electric cusvent ex. bulb toaster High vesistulty =pHeat? ileph fe alloys Metin Git smobilephone ,fan Do not oxide Zoule's low of Heating = Heat Electsic Bulb = ‘ Hee ants produced in4. « Filament Tungsten (Hi hmeltin. Ho R FELD. ge point) is Heal and mite Hat wt Tt ¢ ht- Most of enetgy consumes a Bure Resister allpenss as meat , Me email part vaiR gf’ light tungsten has very high melting point. Electric Fuse - Sarety Device:~ . Blectrical uge 1s used to prevent Short circuit - fuse has lowmelting oint- Eo. voheh high cursent passes thyough it melts and stop the plow of cutvent- «Fuse wire in sevies with the appliance. « Fuse wire - Alloy op Al, Cu, lead, ror Samet : Applian “dirrent 454A eFuse wire should have» Highyestetivity [aa i Resistance? Teh loeamelting at olf high current flows(more than required) fuse wire gets heated and melts. Rating of Fuse - Ay 28,38» HAVBALIOA « Rating of fuse wive—rmaximur Ri a fF cursent QUESTioN-8) A student wants fouse an electric heater an electric bulb and an electric ae oimattoneale -How should these gadgets be connected with the mains 7 Juchty our angwer by qin three ‘veqsons. ite theval AnH, Se nthe circuit given below, the resistors Ra, Ra and Ry have the values 4oW , 20 dnd ~ow veshectivel _ Which have been connected to a battery of 12V . calculate (4) the cursent fhrrough eqch vesistor(b) the total civcuitvesistance , and¢c) the fetal cusvent inthe Sircutt: 2 (CBSE 201442021,2022) o +O: hfe QUESTION-4 — study the following electric ciycult inwhich the vesistors ave arranged In tree: ayms A,B aniic. — (@) Find the equivalent resistance of arm A. (Calculate ‘the equivalent vesistance of the paralle! combination of the arms B andc. @iDetermine the current that Flows through l. .. he ammeter. . . (id) Determine th? Lurrent that Flows in the ammeter when the arm 8 is withdrawn’ from the circuit. (CBSE 2021.2022)¢pq -QUESTION-I0) (i Write the povmula for detesmining the equivalent ecistance between A at oF the two fmbinaons 3) ane oF three yesistors Ri, R2 and Ra arvanged as follows a, athens atin yg o = HHO ‘diy tethe equivalent vesistance of the arrangements (I) and{(I) ave Rs and R Gespectively, then which one oe the rallowsing v-I qraphs is corvecHy labelled : : (CBSE 202 1.2022) QUESTION-I!) Gj) How much curvent will an electric tron daw From 4 220V sousce if the sesistance of its element when hot js 65 ohms? calculate the wattage of the electric fron when It operates on 290 Volt- i) The potenttal digperence across the two ends opa cfscuit component Is decreased to one-thisd of its initial value , while its tesistance vemains constant: What change will be observed inthe current plow ng tnvough it Name and state the law which helps us to answer this queshoh. ’ (iii) Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting ofa ery Of four 1-5V cells, 45. vesistos 7.4 10.1 Yesistor and a Ist. Yyesistor ancl a plug key, all connected In series - Now pind- (@) The electtic current passin through the circuit, and Potential difference across the 10-0 resister wh8n the“plua key Is closed 2 (CBSE 2016, 2019, 2020, 2024) 
