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(0 Notes Per paccl by Ms: elpabeth Electaoe ho must om foal aoa Election. dhalo ook penned io that branch of Chemistey potuch sy at inky sc micah cla, : : f Tameo us clomecal \ if micak reach'one arrol the. wse of elootnr af do ber about _ aoc np called electochomial roach Lalvanr wall; tof example fox electsochomucal coll. Here clom al “ renvectad into electrical enenyy . memos Redox React auc A xnclox geachon io Hie goactton which invotves bp goduction and oudlatien Simuld anvowly . In one Substame ‘vw sedurvol v3tu le te Otter a tee gan, a | RCH, ' Pach ol onidekon 4 a asachen wtucl invetyes Loss of ebeotes,, pu saduction 0a reachen wtarola invotves jal of eT Ta EE ra Scanned by CamScanner (2) [ Caicle fo somam be ORE > Oxtdahon Romevod of, elect 5 pain} CILRIG —> Oniolation ia Lpss » Rauctton * G The Substance wharh gels onidl rgel , sacucon tx other ae tan Substoms anol ia called cacluctng agent ox Aecucton fia Fubstoure wstidle gla secured cuekipe Ha OTe | Substau t avd iv cablad onidliatag agent 66 OU oe (op Mdartion hy RE Vo &* Xacsy t CA Cagy —> XP bop) + Cars) L s Oudlatin by a €& Oudlatien » Kn Recluction : Cue? Orsidio ing agent : Cutt A gadiow geach’on io Conoidtsad fo be mede v7 f 2 Dall ee © One iowoving oudation avd te othe invaticag seatiemnon | these ace called oudaten Daf - geaction ancl geduct'ent - Fall reaction Aeapecti ely. | Recor couples | Tn —7 Mn ae — Oulation Lall - exact'on ty ge —> Cu Roducdion halk - goaction Q ol. . | An eu — Kn Cur Over all goact'fy| | Scanned by CamScanner a (4) 2 é Completes tha eloctn'cal Cer ourt ite Salk bavelge tennech dha 2 dstut'pne 4 Ha Aialh colle avo tHoie electrodes ae connectad by Meane of a Wee. 2 the Fall bewlge completes He tixeuit - © It matauio electrical neutaalrty of the & Aal{- coll sticking dt fevenrt te Liyputdl - dyurol junct'on oteuhnl [Abe poten tial laff ecomce tak auses bopween fwosetubeno when tay aew dice ety im contact wrt each otter | » St allows a mevermont of pre from one dgotution ty sto adtien wittout mening oy ten a fotuh'eno. bn a Falt bavelge « ta ele etirtiples sul as keb, kno, | NU, NO, are generally p= beraune Hole ino bare abreast eal mney | the etzwit ina Daniell ell w tompleted by ing eeterg fli key inthe eiruit - tt i rhoeved that elretoe evrvent flows Hievo upla euteenal treeutt as inch'catedl by the ammeter. | ah Obseevattenc arr : + Xn rod Undergoes on'cation avd HE gradually feseo weight. ; OF, da Xn8O, Stubborn tnconares . te tonconteation +) <9 a ‘ Copper get dapooited on Hix tu Rol aud rt qamo weet . Fj a 0, Sotution Aeceoaser . sie venentra tren af Cu Gees, —fiean 2 & flow of otectrone inthe external eexeuit Pom Xn wd do ty add. -- Cuszont ffows from Cu fo Xy. Scanned by CamScanner & pee . @ Tifa flow of eloota'e cuseent ia taleen oppose & He oh elo etn no | 7 kt . pant é — 0) mmm eee Ley o) q— Cuscent pre | © —> tu aod Ccatlicde) a + Xa ¢s) + ag —— 25 Cag + Cus) Overall eoaction dn am eloctroclumeal cell > Ouirlatien ocwes at anode (~ve toeminal ) o> Reduction etweo ak cadtroole (+ve doemmal ) ey Clo rto no flow frm amocle fo catreole oy tyument flows from cattinde fo ancde a7 Janes Crxeud js complebed by fa flew a iQwo Terougle dhe Salt bevelge . tha eleetnicall potential (em) rf Danell wll » I-IV, usben AX concemts achon of ZS awd ee io 1M. Scanned by CamScanner (#) - ; Rep zereu tation of aM elo ctyo chomtal coll [ govern ul A galvanic cell vs goseurtad by waiting tte anode ‘ “f by toning the heh Side aud tla cattincda en tie paght srcle . | * Prode to £op eeneutted by Wart’ metal feat avd wn He elee (cation vi Iho eloctevtyle ) wile “ ca be bo Repavaen eol by wer tine to ele etrtyle (cation o hechetylc) Pest avel then the mrotal . 0 Ths. mutal awl ¢fie cater ace Gp arated by avetcal Are - the galt badge ia repreremt ea by a verteal hiner tau epazate tle & half colle. & 4-Danvell coll zap eeseatotton [ cell notation | lt | | Xa, | zl a Ke i : Rn frodt — guy, Cathodls eoartion goarhon bavelge 2. Cu~Ag NO, coll ty oy Q “" Pay ‘ “a “Ber ell notat 2+ ome cu | C4, | 0g’ | Pa “3. NE- Ag NO, cob Lt Nig + at Nay t AF C5) otah' ce |) pat ee oes Ni] Mo ! "1, 143 Scanned by CamScanner (co) a 4 Za- Hel Reaction Rn ft dy CVT OM ay > Xn * Hoey cell Repro eutaton Xa] zn] aT iy, Pe | (ex) Bil a when a metal rod is dip el in its own all satu tion, any da of, thee tae po ibitehies can ocws7 : 2 Mt tone may tolhide worth. the metal zod and def lout back WwW thout ad Change - 7M" sono on collinian with te metal xed gave electrons aud change info metal atom. [M ious axe : sai e Metoh atom of, the motal zod | hose ele edrone anol change ato mnt fous -| Metal atom ouidiged | = dpa motel ion das | from’ mthed tod Bs a serull, motel rod will dovolop a tve closge wo.itte peaperk do dlr stu tev) - . > Ap metal hae dutglan tenclurcy fo get onlizad He Pollo ving goachion ocweo [mM — > M+ € ata electrowo will acepmulate on Ha metal xod wolurh, wll -- Beniolo(? 0 negative chasse. his rae atteack some metal sore Scanned by CamScanner (to) $ poteukal & +0.¥6v Fifix hall coll geacdtrona axe abuayys wretlen as Realuehoy dal ceach'puo ava fers en hata ane. ts ites evtted gas oduetion porem hale | Thee elcedyv dla fotenteal deperelo al © Nakruee 4 tic etal avwl rks rene * Ceneentratien of reno tactte fotutton ° tem pecat wee © tHe num bec of eke ody wo sams fesrsol wt fer bal col costfions The diff eouce between te ebetrole poteutiale tie tuo elo c4s0 oles cowotifuting an eloctochowural coll & lenown as - eLoodio mio tive face os. coll potet'al of a coll. [EM F | Thets ach asa dleiving freee for tte cell goaction » 4} 02 Expren eck in votb - EMF axtseo from fia Lith exorats in than tendeuceres of Hea Q tomo 4 get aaducad . tt in opal fo tix caduction potemtil foe tin Subsdomee trot acfoally uedesgoes reduction minusthe gadu ction poteahial of, Hes Substouce that undergoes oudatien . EME = Reduction Potoutiol of cattodde NER EN toll ~ Cacttindlo — pools Scanned by CamScanner w) 2 ‘at * “gh “ops Lattice ts Wau ally wetter en tie apht avd anoole EM the doy 4 0} dt coll Repae> eutat en | “EMF bp Hea potenteat Arf) eeomer befweon tuo ele ctsvdes 0) tle coll ustun ectiyes ao ox nag ge ble cureont is allowed to Horo rn tte oreuit. & fos the geacht’m im Daniell col Zn+ ci —5 Ze Cw af" Hof |e Paola scoction cattwale ecoch'on + Rig + K tel zy - ~0-46V and Foe] oa? to: 34V EME = Eo ~ Lande x Flea = then Diff eer bedween EMF awd fotoutial cliff ceemes —_————™—™ st Scanned by CamScanner s \f (13) Standacd Elechods Pot ental df tn Hw teal} coll, dle metal eod x sucpendad wm a Stution a4 One motax concentra tion avd the bempecatvee ws kept atk 298k, fla eleotwde potemtiod a Called Stavdad Reet do potential . orf elo dyn cle_ potential menses Urcleg Standacad eemoliflowe 4 29Ble, IM emem tahin aud tatm feevance |. qt pp wou ally eapxtooutel by “a Standacal aad i Eb otro de (sne) oR Noemaf Hyaleogon Clo oben ha (NHE) the exack value of Her elartrode potewtad of a Single eloodsy ole (cathe single eb ofroda. potential) cannot be deteem nol because du'datren aff gonch'on pe zacluaton Aral Zeach'en cannot dabe pine alone. S¢ can oily be ML28 usod by lang Sowa eleetypole as dia eofecorte elootsrale . “tie Roflecette electrode woeol 4 Stardaed ree ehretrode oz Nozmall ludomem ele otsocde . Ip 4.00 at | bax feos Ilr “2 mM Rel : > PE foul wated wil PE black Scanned by CamScanner (/4) & THardacd Auyleogen electrode. cenoir of PL wre Seale 19 a alters tube ane Las a Pt foil alhackest #0 ee fel »% coated wet fjroly divided PE avd ach 22 Pe Choetrode - 44 3, drpped inte am avol sotutten con taiuig HT jews tm 1M concentration (mnie). Pure Hr gad oe | bax (ex | adm) peeruse i conotanrtty bubbbol into sotuten at constant tem paahee af Qqd8k. 4) SHE acB ao anode He (4) — ante ae [oudation | 4( SHE ach as Ccatioda gute ae —9 (9) [Reduction | the electrode v seveeotble wtf ape te HT fenc The electrode wv wovrally eepesoent eck ao PL, Hacay | Meaey “the. electrode potential of Stancacd bujdeogen eloetivels tan o» aoa: [Frty, = 22°%| Meas ucemuont of lo otrode Potential g£° 6 Go deteemine tir clectrodds poteutiol ff avy cheetrode., a ctl ip Set up sing Hin electrods 04 One of the elootyrdes aud Joe Serond electrode v tH Standacd aa Scanned by CamScanner (6) he At eection Z| flow of euseont indicates that paclation takes plaw at Ha Xn electrode. Horm ES tel en” -0. FOV ee Det a e e aes Eaoel CA A Coll com pees Cur eloedrooke fmmeesecl in 1M CuSO, Sotu tion es 3 sot up to EMF of thn cod cova put dr be o.34v the dinehbn of flow of ww raent ¢noltcates Hyak gecuction tales plaw at din Cu ele edrocla . Heute Eu] Cu =. TO-ZAV jhe electrode ab stuily reduction pewwen worth proper th SHE hao ave gecluotion potonten’ wile u“ bs electrode af itu puirlation aces with a SHE tay -ve secluchion potential .. A tve valus of Feu | ow diecates 4dhak enti ae pooluced moze easily dav Kt tenn vader the Sta. . et wu tevditieus - Ca cannot be pylived fo cant tone dle Te aloes aot clintotve us rel. i ele of Ht pero Hence Cu dn cane of HNO, , Ch wv par'dlireel by nifral tone aud not by H* ene - Metalo Lhe pt 2 Au aco wel a4 ineet eloctsdes . t do aot pootten pa tun Po goatheon but ygevide thot Surface fre daiclation o# zeduction zeachme avd for tHe cevoluetten % elechone - Scanned by CamScanner \ ct) Pawo backs of @ie tt & nod alwayo eonventent fo use SHE as cofeent elect ole becaure AL difficult fo matatais vast conconteation of HT remo ° tte Ly deogen electrode gels polnnnee even in ter Prerenia af, fatto a, im uri ties - e 4t w di{fiole ts matutain [ade Uni foamby pe a Lovg time - “. Some oth ee od Reg} “ Cem menly ureot Ze feren Electrochemical Seater eth Seeteo th whuilr thea, electroale potentiate ee arranged ta tbe inceanaing oxclee » cathd ele cten cleamtee| geuieg- Thuy also raclucles in threlf fla ack vity Seeibo a metals because tie sola tive aaidbinoky activity of mitale can be sbtarnad by Com posing Hein ourlaten potentale A pag ative FE’ moann tak tHe reclon couple ba Shrongea seducing agent dean Bt] He couple. oh positive Econ Hak ta 2eclow couple bb a Weaker poducing agent han H*/Hy couple . — a Me q~ plactroaler ax ured. Tha mov clectyo he io Calomet elaertroole. Scanned by CamScanner (19) g [eechote fe Aget | hg 0-02 Cu | ces 0: 34 Cut lee 0-52 | TL, |r 0-94 | Mad” [Made 0-56 P| ape LO, + 2H 4 25> 140, 0.68 H 3t 2+ RT R 0-44 1 Rg */ Hg 0- #4 Ag"! Ag 0-80 Hg™ [Hg 10:86 Clo | ck 0-84 Hg?" ]H9,7 0:42 NO, , Kt [no 0.9% B32 [Ba {08 pe |Pe 1-do Oy, Ht | H,0 1-3 MoQ,,H" |My 1&3 - 3 (5,0, HF | Cr" 1.33 ch | ol 1-36 Au?" Au I Ao a EE EE | Scanned by CamScanner (eo) _Sletode | Mod, [Ma™* 1449 HO, | H,0 1-48 Co” | to” )-82 Fo | Fo 4.8 2 Vo Compare He colative ia and pacing peers goater the roduction pnofeutr'al, moze cade ly 2 FOR Subs tomer. ( loment bya ron) geduted. &d. Ito a SHeonges odin: t. wt eat he having owes ele etrodle prteutal dias Look tendency to get gedurad. Herr they undergo owedaton aud act as qovool neckveding agent 0 Go Cem pase tha eelotve actvip'es of motalo elem Mani Lower recluch'en poten teal can dlinplace elomenrt hawing Lu'glioe poducf'en otential from ts galtesctation [uy cbmant Lyag above tn tha eleeto chomscal, feutes con din place ans ehomant dying below t | & : Kyat le, 7 OTV » ag lAg =0-8V Ree Xn vw more eeacthve flan hg avd ¢an dinglocr Aig from th Salt solution. _ | Scanned by CamScanner 
