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Electromagnetic Waves and Reflection: A Comprehensive Guide for High School Physics, Summaries of Earth science

Earth science

A detailed explanation of electromagnetic waves, their properties, and types, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. It also covers the concept of reflection, including the laws of reflection, types of reflection, and optical illusions. Well-structured and includes diagrams and examples to illustrate key concepts.

Typology: Summaries

2024/2025

Uploaded on 02/28/2025

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SCIENCE โ€“ 10
(1) ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Are transverse waves that carry energy from
one place to another.
Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell
(1831-1879) showed that these two fields
fluctuating together can form a propagating
electromagnetic wave.
Maxwell's Equations: implicitly required the
existence of electromagnetic waves traveling at
the speed of light.
- The different types of electromagnetic
(EM) waves are radio waves,
microwaves, infrared waves, visible
light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and
gamma rays.
- energy- carrying wave that is emitted
by a vibrating charge composed of
oscillating electric and magnetic
fields
- arranged electromagnetic in an
spectrum based on their FREQUENCY,
WAVELENGTH and PHOTON
ENERGY
- can travel through anything even on
vacuum at a speed of 3x108 m/s (does
not require any medium to travel)
- described in terms of a stream of
particles, each travelling in a wave- like
pattern and moving at the speed of light
- each particle contains a bundle of
energy called photon
Crest โ€“ the highest point of the wave
Trough โ€“ the lowest
Wavelength (ฮป) - the distance between any
two consecutive identical points on the
waveform
Amplitude - Distance between origin and crest
(or trough)
Wave Frequency (v) - Number of waves that
pass a point per unit time
Wave Period - The time required for the wave
crest at point A to reach point B
Speed = wavelength x frequency
Velocity - Speed and direction of propagation
EM WAVES occupies a particular range of
wavelength known as BAND
Electromagnetic Radiation
- Also referred as ER or EMR
- A type of radiation that has both
magnetic fields and electric fields
EMR Waves Characterized By:
- Wavelength and frequency.
- Stronger EMR waves having higher
frequencies and smaller wavelengths
Wave-Particle Duality
- Electromagnetic radiation has
characteristics of both a particle and a
wave
Types of EMR
MICROWAVES
- high frequency but with very short
wavelength
- used in telecommunication
- used in fixed traffic speed cameras, in
cooking food and radar to determine the
range, altitude direction or speed of both
moving and fixed objects
INFRARED
- Sir William Herschel discovered the
existence of infrared during 1800
- wavelength is longer than visible light
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SCIENCE โ€“ 10

(1) ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Are transverse waves that carry energy from one place to another. Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) showed that these two fields fluctuating together can form a propagating electromagnetic wave. Maxwell's Equations: implicitly required the existence of electromagnetic waves traveling at the speed of light.

  • The different types of electromagnetic (EM) waves are radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays.
  • energy- carrying wave that is emitted by a vibrating charge composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields
  • arranged electromagnetic in an spectrum based on their FREQUENCY , WAVELENGTH and PHOTON ENERGY
  • can travel through anything even on vacuum at a speed of 3x10^8 m/s (does not require any medium to travel)
  • described in terms of a stream of particles, each travelling in a wave- like pattern and moving at the speed of light
  • each particle contains a bundle of energy called photon Crest โ€“ the highest point of the wave Trough โ€“ the lowest Wavelength (ฮป) - the distance between any two consecutive identical points on the waveform Amplitude - Distance between origin and crest (or trough) Wave Frequency (v) - Number of waves that pass a point per unit time Wave Period - The time required for the wave crest at point A to reach point B Speed = wavelength x frequency Velocity - Speed and direction of propagation EM WAVES occupies a particular range of wavelength known as BAND Electromagnetic Radiation
  • Also referred as ER or EMR
  • A type of radiation that has both magnetic fields and electric fields EMR Waves Characterized By:
  • Wavelength and frequency.
  • Stronger EMR waves having higher frequencies and smaller wavelengths Wave-Particle Duality
  • Electromagnetic radiation has characteristics of both a particle and a wave Types of EMR MICROWAVES
  • high frequency but with very short wavelength
  • used in telecommunication
  • used in fixed traffic speed cameras, in cooking food and radar to determine the range, altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects INFRARED
  • Sir William Herschel discovered the existence of infrared during 1800
  • wavelength is longer than visible light
  • used to remotely determine the temperature of the object Thermography (technology used in the forms of camera on car) RADIO WAVES
  • longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum
  • used to transmit radio and television signals radio waves of the standard AM broadcast band have longer wavelengths compared to the short radio waves for the FM band VISIBLE LIGHT
  • visible to the human eye
  • red has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest ULTRAVIOLET
  • shorter wavelength than visible light but longer than X-ray
  • produced by high temperature surface such as the sun
  • sensitive documents like ATM card and passport include a UV watermark that is only seen under UV emitting light X-RAY
  • high-energy waves that have great penetrating power and are used extensively in medical applications (with the technique called computer assisted tomography, a section of the human body can be imaged using X- rays and computer technology) GAMMA RAY
  • generated by radioactive atoms and in nuclear explosions and are used in many medical applications
  • in the procedure call Gamma Knife Surgery, multiple concentrated beams of gamma rays are directed at the growth to kill the cancerous cell Electromagnetic spectrum entire range of wavelengths or frequencies of EM waves extending from the highest frequency of gamma rays to the longest radio waves and including visible light

(2) REFLECTION

- change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between different media SO that two the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated 11.6 The Laws of Reflection The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal are all in the same plane. INCIDENT RAY โ€“ ray of light approaching the mirror REFELECTED RAY- ray of light that leaves the mirror NORMAL LINE โ€“ divides the incident ray and the reflected ray ANGLE OF INCIDENCE โ€“ between the incident ray and the normal line ANGLE OF REFLECTION โ€“ between the reflected ray and the normal line โ€œThe angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.โ€ Light can bounce off materials in two ways:

  1. Diffuse reflection reflected rays go in different directions; happens in rough- textured or uneven surfaces
  2. Regular/Specular reflection reflected rays go in one directions; happens in smooth and shiny surfaces; image can be seen ABSORPTION - Transfer of carried by the light waves to the particles of matter SCATTERING โ€“ reflection of light by particles OPTICAL ILLUSION - visually-perceived images that differ from objective reality MIRROR (LOOKING GLASS) - Any object that has a smooth, shiny surface that reflects an image (reflected object) REAL IMAGE - Occurs light when rays intersect at the image, making them appear inverted or upside down VIRTUAL IMAGE - Occurs when light rays do not meet at the image, making them appear right side up or upright **TYPES OF MIRRORS
  3. PLANE MIRRORS**
  • Object size Image Size
  • Object distance from mirror= image distance from mirror
  • Attitude (orientation) is ALWAYS upright
  • ALWAYS forms a virtual image
  • Image is reversed left to right 2. SPHERICAL MIRRORS
  • Spherical mirrors are curved mirrors.
  • When the object is very far from the mirror, the image point is halfway between the center of curvature and the center of the mirror
  • The image point will be called the focal point
  • The image distance will be called the focal length
  • If the reflecting is inside, the spherical mirror is a concave mirror.
  • If the reflecting surface is outside, the spherical mirror is a convex mirror. Eg:- A stainless steel spoon also act like a mirror. The inner side acts like a concave mirror and the outer side acts like a convex mirror Images formed by diverging lenses are: Virtual : The image is located on the same side of the lens as the object Upright : The image is oriented upright Reduced : The image is smaller than the object RAY DIAGRAMMING INVOLVING MIRRORS RAY DIAGRAMMING โ€“ used to describe the location, size, orientation and type of image formed by concave mirror RAY DIAGRAM - Traces the path that light takes in order for an individual to view a point on the image of an object KEY TERMS