Element & Mineral Properties: Atomic Model, Metals, Non-Metals, Halogens, Noble Gases, Rar, Study notes of Chemistry

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F O U N D I N Y O U A N D O N T H E E A R T H

ELEMENTS AND

MINERALS

BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL

PROPERTIES OF MATTER

• Intensive - Properties that do not depend on the amount of the matter present.
  • Color
  • Odor
  • Luster - How shiny a substance is.
  • Malleability - The ability of a substance to be beaten into thin sheets.
  • Ductility - The ability of a substance to be drawn into thin wires.
  • Conductivity - The ability of a substance to allow the flow of energy or electricity.
  • Hardness - How easily a substance can be scratched.
  • Melting/Freezing Point - The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure.
  • Boiling Point - The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure on the liquid (generally atmospheric pressure).
  • Density - The mass of a substance divided by its volume
• Extensive - Properties that do depend on the amount of matter present.
  • Mass - A measurement of the amount of matter in a object (grams).
  • Weight - A measurement of the gravitational force of attraction of the earth acting on an object.
  • Volume - A measurement of the amount of space a substance occupies.
  • Length

ALKALI METALS

• The alkali metals, found in group 1 of the periodic table (formerly known as group IA), are very reactive metals that do not occur freely in nature. These metals have only one electron in their outer shell. Therefore, they are ready to lose that one electron in ionic bonding with other elements. As with all metals, the alkali metals are malleable, ductile, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. The alkali metals are softer than most other metals. Cesium and francium are the most reactive elements in this group. Alkali metals can explode if they are exposed to water.
• The Alkali Metals are:
• Lithium
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Rubidium
• Cesium
• Francium

TRANSITION METALS

• The 38 elements in groups 3 through 12 of the

periodic table are called "transition metals". As with

all metals, the transition elements are both ductile

and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat.

The interesting thing about transition metals is that

their valence electrons, or the electrons they use to

combine with other elements, are present in more

than one shell. See Link

OTHER METALS

• The 7 elements classified as "other metals" are located in groups 13, 14, and 15. While these elements are ductile and malleable, they are not the same as the transition elements. These elements, unlike the transition elements, do not exhibit variable oxidation states, and their valence electrons are only present in their outer shell. All of these elements are solid, have a relatively high density, and are opaque. They have oxidation numbers of +3, ±4, and -3. The "Other Metals" are:
• Aluminum
• Gallium
• Indium
• Tin
• Thallium
• Lead
• Bismuth

HALOGENS

• The halogens are five non-metallic elements found in group 17 of the periodic table. The term "halogen" means "salt-former" and compounds containing halogens are called "salts". All halogens have 7 electrons in their outer shells, giving them an oxidation number of -1. The halogens exist, at room temperature, in all three states of matter:
• Solid - Iodine, Astatine
• Liquid - Bromine
• Gas - Fluorine, Chlorine
• The Halogens are:
• Fluorine
• Chlorine
• Bromine
• Iodine
• Astatine

NOBEL GASES

• The six noble gases are found in group 18 of the periodic table. These elements were considered to be inert gases until the 1960's, because their oxidation number of 0 prevents the noble gases from forming compounds readily. All noble gases have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell (2 for Helium, 8 for all others), making them stable.
• Helium
• Neon
• Argon
• Krypton
• Xenon
• Radon

ELEMENTS IN YOUR BODY

ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH CRUST