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EMES 442/BIOL 457 Final Exam Spring
Benthos - ✔️ ✔️ animals and plants associated with the seafloor
Plankton - ✔️ ✔️ organisms that live suspended in the water (may have some ability to move but cannot counteract ocean currents or turbulence)
Nekton - ✔️ ✔️ free-swimming animals that can move throughout the water column
Epifaunal - ✔️ ✔️ organisms living on the seabed surface
Infaunal - ✔️ ✔️ organisms that can burrow within the soft seabed
Neuston - ✔️ ✔️ organisms associated with the sea surface (including microorganisms)
Intertidal - ✔️ ✔️ ranges of depths between highest/lowest extent of the tides
subtidal - ✔️ ✔️ entire remainder of the sea from low water tidemark to greatest depth of the ocean
Neritic - ✔️ ✔️ (aka continental shelf) includes all seafloor and open water habitats between the high water mark and the shelf edge
Epipelagic - ✔️ ✔️ the surface layer or sunlight layer of the ocean (upper 200 m)
Mesopelagic - ✔️ ✔️ 200-1000m, twilight zone
Bathypelagic - ✔️ ✔️ 1000-4000m
Abyssopelagic - ✔️ ✔️ 4000-6000m
Hadal - ✔️ ✔️ Below 6000m
Deep sea - ✔️ ✔️ the marine environment that lies below the light level necessary for photosynthesis, exclusive of continental shelves
Aphotic zone - ✔️ ✔️ Layer of ocean that receives no light (95% of total ocean volume)
Species richness - ✔️ ✔️ the number of species in a given area
Photic zone - ✔️ ✔️ sunlight ocean layer near the surface of water (5% of total ocean volume)
Southern ocean - ✔️ ✔️ body of water surrounding Antarctica
Coriolis effect - ✔️ ✔️ a phenomenon that causes fluids, like water and air, to curve as they travel across or above Earth's surface
Ekman transport - ✔️ ✔️ net motion of fluid as the result of Coriolis and turbulent drag forces
zooplankton - ✔️ ✔️ small free-floating eukaryotes (protists and animals)
meroplankton - ✔️ ✔️ organisms that spend part of their time in the water column but also spend time in the benthos
meiobenthos - ✔️ ✔️ animals< 0.5 mm (all infaunal)
upwelling - ✔️ ✔️ upward movement of cold, nutrient rich water from the deep to surface
wave action - ✔️ ✔️ movement of waves in an area, strong wave action
tidal mixing - ✔️ ✔️ 1. Gravitational pull of moon and sun in same plane: spring tides
- Gravitational pull of moon and sun perpendicular: neap tides
types of estuarine circulation - ✔️ ✔️ salt wedge, partially mixed, well mixed
ecosystem engineer - ✔️ ✔️ an organism that can create or modify habitats for other species
Laminaria - ✔️ ✔️ brown algae commonly found in kelp ecosystems
Hermatypic corals - ✔️ ✔️ corals that build with CaCO
Ahermatypic corals - ✔️ ✔️ corals that do not build with CaCO
Mounding corals - ✔️ ✔️ hermatypic coral, mound-shaped, grows slowly (ex- Siderastrea sp.)
Branching corals - ✔️ ✔️ hermatypic corals, tree-like/elkhorn shape, grows rapidly (ex- Acropora sp.)
Mesenterial filaments - ✔️ ✔️ filaments of coral used for defense and competition
Symbiodinium - ✔️ ✔️ photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbiont of coral (coral-zooxanthellae symbiosis) and other marine hosts, nine major clades with sub-clades
gastrodermis - ✔️ ✔️ cells lining the interior of polyp, serves as digestive system of the coral
endosymbiont - ✔️ ✔️ microbial symbiont that livies within its host
ectosymbiont - ✔️ ✔️ microbial symbiont located on the surface of its host
biodiversity - ✔️ ✔️ the variety of life, at all levels of organization, classified both by evolutionary and ecological criteria
trophosome - ✔️ ✔️ "feeding body" of Riftia tube worms, location of chemosynthetic bacteria
seamounts - ✔️ ✔️ isolated elevated areas, usually of volcanic origin, found through all oceans (but mostly near oceanic island arcs and mid-oceanic ridges), have hard substrata on top
Lophelia - ✔️ ✔️ deep sea coral community, slow growing stony coral, no photosynthetic symbionts
counterillumination - ✔️ ✔️ bioluminescence that allows organism to camoflauge by matching the light from above (ex- hatchetfish)
mudflats - ✔️ ✔️ form in sheltered areas of the coast where large quantities of silt are deposited, sediment is stable and community has high biomass of invertebrates
anoxia - ✔️ ✔️ absence of oxygen
nursery grounds - ✔️ ✔️ habitats that are particularly suitable for juvenile species to grow
coastal plain estuary - ✔️ ✔️ formed at end of last ice age, when rising seas invaded low-lying coastal river valleys
bar-built estuary - ✔️ ✔️ formed as sandbars build up along the coastline , partially cutting off the waters behind them from the sea
tectonic estuary - ✔️ ✔️ created when the sea fills in the "hole" or basin that was formed by the sinking land from plate movement
fjords - ✔️ ✔️ valleys that have been cut deeper by moving glaciers and then invaded by the sea
salt-wedge estuary - ✔️ ✔️ where a river discharges into a virtually tideless sea
partially-mixed estuary - ✔️ ✔️ occurs where rivers discharge into a sea with a moderate tidal range
well-mixed estuary - ✔️ ✔️ Broad, shallow, estuaries where the tidal range is high, and the tidal currents are strong relative to the river flow
residual circulation - ✔️ ✔️ The mixing of seawater and river water as it meets in an estuary. For salt wedge and partially mixed estuaries the residual circulation is vertical, for well-mixed estuaries the residual circulation is horizontal, due to Coriolis effect.
two-phase life history - ✔️ ✔️ life cycle is in two distinct stages, can be separated by location
Zostera (eelgrass) - ✔️ ✔️ common in temperate zones
Thalassia (turtle grass) - ✔️ ✔️ common in tropics
Labyrinthula (wasting disease) - ✔️ ✔️ pathogenic protist, secondary decomposer that affects old leaves, infection linked to stressed eelgrass (healthy tissue can resist infection)
wasting disease - ✔️ ✔️ seagrass diseases causing near-collapse of Zostera and its associated animals, erosion of soft sediments
Elkhorn and staghorn corals - ✔️ ✔️ key coral species in the Caribbean and Florida for shallow reef building
hybridization - ✔️ ✔️ occurs when egg of one species is fertilized by sperm of another
spawning - ✔️ ✔️ release of eggs and sperm into the surrounding water
asexual reproduction - ✔️ ✔️ in corals- occurs by division of polyps in large areas of reef being covered with a single genotype
photosynthesis vs chemosynthesis - ✔️ ✔️ photosynthesis uses sunlight as its energy source, chemosynthesis uses chemicals as energy source, both produce organic carbon as an end product
characteristics of marine macroalgae found in kelp habitats and what restricts their growth - ✔️ ✔ ️ Fast growing, require clear water, hard substrate, high nutrients, lower water temps. Warmer temps, sediment loading, and reduced nutrients (ex. from lack of upwelling) can restrict growth
Habitat, symbiosis, and metabolism of Riftia tube worms - ✔️ ✔️ habitat: hydrothermal vent communities
symbiosis/metabolism: chemosynthetic bacteria inhabit trophosome and release carbohydrates for the Riftia to metabolize
characteristics of seamounts - ✔️ ✔️ rise more than 1km off the seafloor, have hard substrata on top because deep-sea currents prevent sediment from settling (making it a great location for invertebrate larvae to settle)
organisms found at specific intertidal zones along the rocky shore - ✔️ ✔️ lower intertidal: seaweeds, surf grass, anemones, sea stars
middle intertidal: mussels, barnacles
upper intertidal: periwinkles, limpets, lichens, encrusting algae
factors influencing organism distribution in rocky intertidal zones - ✔️ ✔️ heat stress, desiccation stress, wave shock
Connell's experiment and conclusions - ✔️ ✔️ asked why there is a pattern of zonation of two barnacle species. Transplated the two species to regions they did not usually dominate- found lower zonation limit is regulated by biological factors (competition) and upper zonation limit is regulated by physical factors
characteristics of mangrove forests - ✔️ ✔️ consist of saltwater-tolerant trees, shrubs, and ground ferns
names and functions of different types of mangrove roots - ✔️ ✔️ prop roots: provide stability
stilt roots: support trunk
pneumatophore roots: extend upwards to obtain O
plank roots: vertical structure to help aerate and horizontal snaking to provide stability in the sediment
rank the following habitats based on their primary production
open ocean
deep sea
kelp systems
seagrass beds
coral reefs
coastal upwelling - ✔️ ✔️ deep sea < open ocean <
coastal upwelling < seagrass beds < kelp systems <
coral reefs
Pritchard's definition of an estuary - ✔️ ✔️ An estuary is a semi-enclosed body of water that has a free connection with the sea and within which sea water is measurably diluted with fresh water
what are the 4 types of estuaries- give an example of each - ✔️ ✔️ 1. Coastal plain (Chesapeake Bay)
- Fjord (Strain of Juan de Fuca)
- Bar-built (Laguna Madre)
- Tectonic (San Francisco Bay)
Salt-wedge mixing, main factor driving mixing - ✔️ ✔️ two water masses (fresh/salt) do not mix easily, less dense river water spreads over surface of denser seawater
partially-mixed estuary mixing, main factor driving mixing - ✔️ ✔️ saltwater mixed upwards, freshwater mixed downwards by tidal currents, current shear and fresh/saltwater interface, and shear stress from friction at estuary bed
five characteristics of successful conservation strategies - ✔️ ✔️ stakeholder involvement, explicit definition of objectives, inclusion of available science, monitoring programs designed to evaluate objectives, effective design of marine protected areas
benefits of MPAs - ✔️ ✔️ more resilient reefs, larger fish, larval seeding
five keys to a successful MPA - ✔️ ✔️ big enough, close enough, representative, numerous enough, actively protected
four types of MPAs - ✔️ ✔️ no use zones, no take zones, buffer zone, multi use zone
