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You are ventilating an apneic woman with a bag-mask device. She has dentures, which are tight fitting. Adequate chest rise is present with each ventilation, and the patient's oxygen saturation reads 96%. When you reassess the patency of her airway, you note that her dentures arc now loose, although your ventilations are still producing adequate chest rise. You should: Select one: A. remove her dentures, resume ventilations, and assess for adequate chest rise. B. leave her dentures in place, but carefully monitor her for an airway obstruction. C. leave her dentures in place and increase the rate and volume of your ventilations. D. attempt to replace her dentures so that they fit tightly and resume ventilations. ANSWER VV A. remove her dentures, resume ventilations, and assess for adequate chest rise. You are performing bag-mask ventilations with oxygen connceted and set at a Low rate of 15 L/min. What percentage of oxygen are you delivering? Select one: A. Nearly 100% B. 65% C. 55% D. 45% ANSWER VV A. Nearly 100% The purpose of the pin-indexing system for compressed gas cylinders is to: Select one: A. help you determine what type of oxygen regulator to use. B. ensure that the correct regulator is used for the cylinder. C. prevent destroying or stripping the threads on the cylinder. D. reduce the cylinder pressure to a safe and more useful range. ANSWER VV B. ensure that the correct regulator is used for the cylinder. Central chemoreceptors located in the medulla provide feedback to increase the rate and depth of breathing when they sense: Select one: A. slight inereases in carbon dioxide or a decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid. B. decreased levels of oxygen in the blood and an increase in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid. C. slight decreases in carbon dioxide and an increase in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid. D. increased levels of oxygen in the blood and a decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid. ANSWER Vv A. slight increases in carbon dioxide or a decrease in the pI of the cerebrospinal fluid. Which of the following statements regarding positive-pressure ventilation is correct? Sclect one: A. Unlike negative-pressure ventilation, positive-pressure ventilation does not affect the esophageal opening pressure. B. To prevent hypotension, the EMT should increase the rate and force of positive-pressure ventilation. C. With positive-pressure ventilation, more volume is required to have the same effects as normal breathing. B. a decrease in respiratory rate and depth causes carbon dioxide accumulation in the alveoli and an overall decrease in blood oxygen levels. C. the presence of pulmonary surfactant causes a decrease in alveolar surface tension, thus impairing the exchange of gases in the lungs. D. any impairment in circulatory function causes a reduced ability for oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse across the alveolar-capillary membrane. ANSWER VV A. blood coming from the right side of the heart bypasses nonfunctional alvcoli and returns to the left side of the heart in an unoxygenated state. Prior to applying a nonrebreathing mask to a patient, you must ensure that the: Select one: A, flow rate is set at 6 L/min. B. patient has reduced tidal volume. C. reservoir bag is fully inflated. D. one-way valve is sealed. ANSWER V V C. reservoir bag is fully inflated. While providing CPAP to a patient in severe respiratory distress, you note that his heart rate has increased by 20 beats/min. He is conscious, but is no longer following verbal commands. You should: Select one: A. remove the CPAP device and ventilate him with a bag-mask device. B. decrease the amount of pressure that the CPAP device is delivering. C. remove the CPAP device and apply oxygen by nonrebreathing mask. D. increase the amount of pressure that the CPAP device is delivering. ANSWER VV A. remove the CPAP device and ventilate him with a bag-mask device. To select the proper size oropharyngeal airway, you should measure from the: Select one: A. center of the mouth to the posterior car. B. corner of the mouth to the earlobe. C. angle of the jaw to the center of the mouth. D. corner of the mouth to the superior car. ANSWER VV B. comer of the mouth to the earlobe. The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the: Select one: A. pulmonary capillaries. B. apex of the lung. C. bronchioles. D. alveolar sacs. ANSWER VV D. alveolar sacs. In which of the following patients would the head tilt-chin lift maneuver be the MOST appropriate method of opening the airway? Select one: A. A 37-year-old female who is found unconscious in her bed B. A 45-year-old male who is semiconscious after falling 20 feet C. A 24-year-old male who is found unconscious at the base of a tree D. A 50-year-old male who is unconscious following head trauma ANSWER Vv A. A 37- year-old female who is found unconscious in her bed High-flow oxygen with a nasal cannula during the preoxygenation phase of endotracheal intubation is called: Select one: A. denitrogenation. B. apneic oxygenation. C. passive ventilation. D. active ventilation. ANSWER V ¥ B. apneic oxygenation. An oxygen cylinder should be taken out of service and refilled when the pressure inside it is less than: Select one: A. 1,500 psi. B. 500 psi. C. 200 psi. D. 1,000 psi. ANSWER VV B. 500 psi. Gas exchange in the lungs is facilitated by: Select one: A. adequate amounts of surfactant. B. pulmonary capillary constriction. C. surfactant-destroying organisms. D. water or blood within the alveoli. ANSWER VV A. adequate amounts of surfactant. Ata flow rate of 6 L/min, a nasal cannula can deliver an approximate oxygen concentration of up to: Select one: A. 24%, B. 35%. C. 52%. D. 44%. ANSWER VV D. 44%. Irregular respirations characterized by an increasing rate and depth of breathing followed by periods of apnea are called: Select one: A. eupneic respirations. B. ataxic respirations. C. agonal respirations. D. Cheyne-Stokes respirations. ANSWER VV D. Cheyne-Stokes respirations. Oxygen toxicity is a condition in which: Select one: A. decreased levels of oxygen in the blood result in free radical production. B. cellular tissue damage occurs from excessive oxygen levels in the blood. C. excessive blood oxygen levels cause the hypoxic patient to stop breathing. D. significantly low levels of oxygen in the blood damage the cellular tissue. ANSWER vv B. cellular tissue damage occurs from excessive oxygen levels in the blood. B. acidosis. C. hypoxemia. D. hypercarbia. ANSWER VV D. hyperearbia. With a good mask-to-face seal and an oxygen flow rate of 15 L/min, the nonrebreathing mask is capable of delivering upto inspired oxygen. Select one: A. 90 B. 70 Cc. 80 D. 100 ANSWER VV A. 90 The pressure of gas in a full cylinder of oxygen is approximatcly pounds per square inch (psi). Select one: A. 3,000 B. 2,000 C. 1,000 D. 500 ANSWER V¥ B. 2,000 Which of the following structures is NOT found in the upper airway? Select one: A. Bronchus B. Larynx C. Oropharynx D. Pharynx ANSWER VV A. Bronchus What is the MOST common cause of airway obstruction in an unconscious patient? Select one: A. The tongue B. Vomitus C. Blood clots D. Aspirated fluid ANSWER VV A. The tongue Which of the following patients is breathing adequately? Select one: A. A conscious male with respirations of 18 breaths/min and reduced tidal volume B. A conscious male with respirations of 19 breaths/min and pink skin C. An unconscious §2-ycar-old female with snoring respirations and cool, pale skin D. A conscious female with facial cyanosis and rapid, shallow respirations ANSWER / / B. A conscious male with respirations of 19 breaths/min and pink skin Which of the following factors will cause a reduction in minute volume in an adult? Select one: A. Increased tidal volume B. Shallow breathing C. Respirations of 20 breaths/min D. Slight increase in respiratory rate ANSWER V V B. Shallow breathing A patient who is suspected of being hypoxic and is breathing adequately should be given supplemental oxygen with a: Select one: A. bag-mask device. B. nonrebreathing mask. C. nasal cannula. D. mouth-to-mask device. ANSWER ¥V V B. nonrebreathing mask. A 51-year-old female presents with a sudden onset of difficulty breathing. She is conscious and alert and able to speak in complete sentences. Her respirations are 22 breaths/min and regular. You should: Select one: A. insert a nasal airway in case her mental status decreases. B. assist her ventilations with a bag-mask device. C. perform a secondary assessment and then begin treatment. D. administer oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask. ANSWER V V D. administer oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask. Which of the following patients should you place in the recovery position? Select one: A. A 31-year-old semiconscious male with low blood sugar and adequate breathing B. A 19-year-old conscious male with a closed head injury and normal respirations C. A 24-year-old unconscious female who overdosed and has a reduced tidal volume D. A 40-year-old conscious female with a possible neck injury and regular respirations ANSWER VV A. A 31-year-old semiconscious male with low blood sugar and adequate breathing You are ventilating a patient with a stoma; however, air is escaping from the mouth and nose. To prevent this, you should: Select one: A. thrust the jaw forward. B. seal the mouth and nose. C. thoroughly suction the stoma. D. ventilate with less pressure. ANSWER V ¥ B. seal the mouth and nose. How does CPAP improve oxygenation and ventilation in patients with certain respiratory problems? Select one: A. It decreases intrathoracic pressure, which allows more room for lung expansion. B. It prevents alveolar collapse by pushing air into the lungs during inhalation. C. It forces the alveoli open and increases the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli. D. It pushes thick, infected pulmonary secretions into isolated areas of the lung. ANSWER ¥ ¥ C. It forces the alveoli open and increases the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli. In the presence of oxygen, the cells convert glucose into energy through a process called: Select one: A. anaerobic metabolism. B. perfusion. C. The single most reliable sign of breathing adequacy in the adult is his or her respiratory rate. D. Patients breathing shallowly may require assisted ventilation despite a normal respiratory rate. ANSWER VV D. Patients breathing shallowly may require assisted ventilation despite a normal respiratory rate. The nasal cannula is MOST appropriately used in the prehospital setting: Select one: A. if long-term supplemental oxygen administration is required. B. when the patient breathes primarily through his or her mouth. C. when the patient cannot tolerate a nonrebreathing mask. D. if the patient's nasopharynx is obstructed by secretions. ANSWER VV C. when the patient cannot tolerate a nonrebreathing mask. In contrast to inhalation, exhalation: Select one: A. requires muscular effort to effectively expel air from the lungs. B. is a passive process caused by increased intrathoracic pressure. C. is an active process caused by decreased intrathoracic pressure. D. occurs when the diaphragm lowers and expels air from the lungs. ANSWER V ¥ B. is a passive process caused by increased intrathoracic pressure. All of the following will help minimize the risk of gastric distention when ventilating an apneic patient with a bag-mask device, EXCEPT: Select one: A. delivering each breath over | second. B. increasing the amount of delivered tidal volume. C. ventilating the patient at the appropriate rate. D. ensuring the appropriate airway position. ANSWER V ¥ B. increasing the amount of delivered tidal volume. The MOST significant complication associated with oropharyngeal suctioning is: Select one: A. hypoxia duc to prolonged suction attempts. B. clogging of the catheter with thick secretions. C. vomiting from stimulating the anterior airway. D. oral abrasions from vigorous suctioning. ANSWER V Vv A. hypoxia due to prolonged suction attempts. What is the alveolar minute volume of a patient with a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space volume of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min? Select one: A. 5,600 mL B. 8,000 mL C. 7,400 mL D. 6,000 mL ANSWER VV A. 5.600 mL The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is mm Hg; the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is mm Hg. Select one: 
