Endocrine and Nervous Systems - Physiology and Anatomy - Lecture Slides, Slides of Physiology

This lecture is taken from slides of Physiology. Key important points are: Endocrine and Nervous Systems, Functions of Hormones, Endocrine Glands Defined, Role of Hormone Receptors, Blocking Hormone Receptors, Circulating and Local Hormones, Lipid-Soluble Hormones

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2012/2013

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Chapter 18
The Endocrine System
Endocrine and nervous systems work together
Endocrine system
hormones released into the bloodstream travel
throughout the body
results may take hours, but last longer
Nervous system
certain parts release hormones into blood
rest releases neurotransmitters excite or inhibit
nerve, muscle & gland cells
results in milliseconds, brief duration of effects
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Chapter 18

The Endocrine System

  • Endocrine and nervous systems work together
  • Endocrine system
    • hormones released into the bloodstream travel throughout the body
    • results may take hours, but last longer
  • Nervous system
    • certain parts release hormones into blood
    • rest releases neurotransmitters excite or inhibit nerve, muscle & gland cells
    • results in milliseconds, brief duration of effects

General Functions of Hormones

  • Help regulate:
    • extracellular fluid
    • metabolism
    • biological clock
    • contraction of cardiac & smooth muscle
    • glandular secretion
    • some immune functions
  • Growth & development
  • Reproduction

Role of Hormone Receptors

  • Constantly being synthesized & broken down
  • A range of 2000-100,000 receptors / target cell
  • Down-regulation
    • excess hormone, produces a decrease in number of receptors - receptors undergo endocytosis and are degraded
    • decreases sensitivity of target cell to hormone
  • Up-regulation
    • deficiency of hormone, produces an increase in the number of receptors
    • target tissue more sensitive to the hormone

Blocking Hormone Receptors

  • Synthetic hormones that block receptors

for naturally occurring hormones

  • RU486 (mifepristone) binds to the receptors for progesterone preventing it from maintaining the uterus in a pregnant woman - used to induce abortion - brings on menstrual cycle
  • Hormone is prevented from interacting

with its receptors and can not perform its

normal functions

Lipid-soluble Hormones

  • Steroids
    • lipids derived from cholesterol on SER
    • different functional groups attached to core of structure provide uniqueness
  • Thyroid hormones
    • tyrosine ring plus attached iodines are lipid- soluble
  • Nitric oxide is gas Docsity.com

Water-soluble Hormones

  • Amine, peptide and

protein hormones

  • modified amino acids or amino acids put together
  • serotonin, melatonin, histamine, epinephrine
  • some glycoproteins
  • Eicosanoids
  • prostaglandins

General Mechanisms of Hormone Action

  • Hormone binds to cell surface or receptor inside

target cell

  • Cell may then
    • synthesize new molecules
    • change permeability of membrane
    • alter rates of reactions
  • Each target cell responds to hormone differently
    • liver cells---insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis
    • adipose---insulin stimulates triglyceride synthesis

Action of Lipid-Soluble Hormones

  • Hormone diffuses through phospholipid bilayer & into cell
  • Binds to receptor turning on/off specific genes
  • New mRNA is formed & directs synthesis of new proteins
  • New protein alters cell’s activity

Amplification of Hormone Effects

  • Single molecule of hormone binds to receptor
  • One molecule of epinephrine may result in

breakdown of millions of glycogen molecules

into glucose molecules

Hormonal Interactions

  • Permissive effect
    • a second hormone, strengthens the effects of the first
    • thyroid strengthens epinephrine’s effect upon lipolysis
  • Synergistic effect
    • two hormones acting together for greater effect
    • estrogen & LH are both needed for oocyte production
  • Antagonistic effects
    • two hormones with opposite effects
    • insulin promotes glycogen formation & glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown

Negative Feedback Systems

  • Decrease in blood

levels

  • Receptors in

hypothalamus &

thyroid

  • Cells activated to

secrete more TSH or

more T3 & T

  • Blood levels increase

Positive Feedback

  • Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions
  • Uterine contractions stimulate oxytocin release

Anatomy of Pituitary Gland

  • Pea-shaped, 1/2 inch gland found in sella

turcica of sphenoid

  • Anterior lobe = 75%

Posterior lobe = 25%

  • ends of axons of 10,000 neurons found in hypothalamus

Flow of Blood to Anterior Pituitary

  • Controlling hormones enter blood
  • Travel through portal veins
  • Enter anterior pituitary at capillaries