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Endocrine System
includes all the glands of the body and hormones produced by those glands
▲ Glands: synthesize and secrete hormones that enter the blood and are carried to distant target organs to help regulate:
- Growth
- Metabolic activity
- Osmolarity
- Reproduction Controlled by stimulation from nervous system and chemical receptors
Organs Hormones Synthesized
Hormones Released (^) Feedback Function Abnormalities
Pineal Gland
Hypothalamus ADH
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands Thymus
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Placenta
Heart
Stomach
Liver
Kidney
Small Intestine
Skin
Posterior Pituitary Hormone:
- stored in posterior pituitary
- does not synthesize and secrete hormones
- ONLY STORES HORMONES:
- ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
- Produced by paraventricular nuclei (part of neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus
- Targets the kidneys
- Helps with osmolarity (water balance)
- Causes you to urinate less = decrease urination
- Stimulates release of ADH? Extreme pain, low blood pressure, stress, nicotine, morphine
- (Hypo) Low ADH: frequent urination ex. diabetes insipidus
- drink a lot of water for treatment
- (Hyper) High ADH: decreased urination
- Inhibits ADH release: Alcohol …causes increase urination and headaches due to dehydration…hangover
- Oxytocin
- Hormone produced by the supraoptic nucleus (part of secreorty neuron) of the hypothalamus
- Targets: uterus (uterine contractions resulting in birth of a child Mammary glands (milk to be expelled in breast)
- Mother child bonding Both Hormones are synthesized and secreted by neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary. Both are functionally classified as neuro hormones because of the neurosecretory neurons that synthesize and secrete them, located in hypothalamus
Hormones that aid in calcium regulation in blood: Importance of Calcium: - Second messenger system withing intracellular fluid - Intracellular: higher concentration of calcium - Function: provides “cement” for tight junctions ; myocardial contractions ; smooth muscle contractions ; neurotransmitter release at synapse ; exiting neurons ; cofactor in coagulation cascades - Extracellular: lower concentration of calcium - Calcitonin: synthesized in thyroid gland (base of neck ontop of trachea)
- Targets the bone and inhibits osteoclasts preventing break down of bone and plasma calcium levels will drop
- Targets the kidneys and causes calcium excretion
- Stimulus: excess calcium in plasma
- Parathyroid Gland (PTH): synthesized on backside of thyroid gland-parathyroid
- Activates osteoclasts Break down bone Increase plasma calcium levels
- Targets kidneys: kidneys will reabsorb calcium increasing plasma Ca levels
