Download Endocrine System and Hormone Secretion and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
BIO 169 Final Exam with solutions 2024 new update
give an example of a water-soluble hormone - ANSWEROxytocin give an example of a lipid-soluble hormone - ANSWERtestosterone adenylate cyclase produces the second messenger _____, when the G-Protein has _______ and is bound to it. - ANSWERcAMP, GTP TRUE / FALSE The hypothalamus directly controls the pituitary gland? - ANSWERTrue The Posterior lobe is considered to be part of the (nervous or endocrine) system
- ANSWERNervous Hypothalamus releases ________ - ANSWERTRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) Corpus Luteum - ANSWERIf fertilization doesn't occur, corpus luteum degenerates and the endometrium disintegrates leading to menstruation. The main function of the corpus luteum is to maintain the endometrium for implantation and pregnancy.
Nurse Cell - ANSWERSecrete Inhibin Adrenal Cortex: Zona Glomerulosa secretes: - ANSWERAldosterone Cells of the pancreas secrete: - ANSWERInsulin Anterior Pituitary secretes: - ANSWERGrowth Hormone, FSH (Follicle- stimulating hormone), Prolactin Hypothalamus secretes: - ANSWERGnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone) Thymus secretes: - ANSWERThymosins Posterior Pituitary secretes: - ANSWERADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) , Oxytocin Pineal Gland secretes: - ANSWERMelatonin Follicular Cells of the Thyroid secrete - ANSWERT3/T Kidneys secrete - ANSWEREPO (Erythropoietin)
T/F Production of new primary oocytes by mitosis continues throughout a woman's life. - ANSWERFalse T/F The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. - ANSWERTrue Excessive secretion (also called hypersecretion) of growth hormone in adults can cause: - ANSWERAcromegaly (rare condition where the body produces too much growth hormone, causing body tissues and bones to grow more quickly) This hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver: - ANSWERGlucagon The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary: - ANSWERSynthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive. Glucagon and insulin work ________ on blood glucose levels. - ANSWERAntagonistically The half-life of a hormone is - ANSWERThe time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted.
Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte (Na+ , K+) balance are - ANSWERMineralocorticoids A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes - ANSWERprogesterone Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has - ANSWERMore widespread and long-lasting effects Sperm originate and develop from stem cells called - ANSWERSpermatogonia What event triggers the oocyte to complete meiosis - ANSWERPenetration of the oocyte by a sperm Oogenesis - ANSWERthe production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum, begins before birth Puberty is initiated when a region of the brain begins secreting - ANSWERGonadotropin-releasing hormone when the process of meiosis is complete in the male, the result is - ANSWERfour daughter cells that are haploid
Which ventricle receives blood directly after it passes through the tricuspid valve? - ANSWERRight Ventricle An increase in the overall resistance in a vessel would result in an (increase/decrease) in blood flow through it? - ANSWERDecrease Cardiac muscle cells have (more/fewer) mitochondria than skeletal muscle cells? - ANSWERMore During the depolarization of a cardiac muscle cell fast voltage-gated sodium channels open and sodium rushes (into/out) of the cell causing a reversal in polarity. - ANSWERInto As baroreceptors in the aortic arch detect less stretch their frequency of nerve signals to the cardiac an vasomotor centers (increase/decrease) which leads to an (increase/decrease) in the sympathetic response and vasoconstriciton. - ANSWERdecrease , increase when the pressure in the ventricles is less than the pressure in the atria the atrioventricular valves would be (open/closed) - ANSWEROpen
Systole refers to (contraction/relaxation) in the atria or ventricles. - ANSWERContraction T/F The atrioventricular and semilunar valves should open and close at the same time - ANSWERFalse T/F during each heartbeat blood is completely pumped out from the ventricles - ANSWERFalse T/F The cardiac center is found in the cerebral cortex and directly stimulates action potential generation in the cardiomyocytes of the heart - ANSWERFalse As cardiac muscle cells are activated by an action potential they first begin to (depolarize/repolarize) which means that the sarcolemma of the cardiac muscle will become (more/less) negative - ANSWERDepolarize , Less Vasodilators would (increase, decrease) blood flow through an arteriole and to the tissue beds. - ANSWERIncrease __________ Pressure provides the most descriptive measure of how well body tissues are receiving blood - ANSWERMAP (Mean arterial Pressure)
What leads to decrease in blood pressure? - ANSWERDecreased levels of aldosterone, decreased peripheral resistance, increased levels of ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) During the T Wave of an electrocardiogram (ECG), the ventricles are - ANSWERRepolarizing Desmosomes and Gap Junctions are two specific features of - ANSWERIntercalated Discs Function of Atria - ANSWERPump blood to the ventricles The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right side because - ANSWERThe left ventricle produces higher pressure than the right ventricle Materials can move across capillary walls during capillary exchange by - ANSWERDiffusion, filtration, reabsorption Blood viscosity refers to - ANSWERthe thickness and stickiness of blood ________ is to slow heart rate as ________ is to fast heart rate. - ANSWERBradycardia, tachycardia
Primary pacemaker cells of the heart are found in - ANSWERSA Node The structure that permits blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in fetal circulation is the - ANSWERDuctus arteriosus Chronically high blood pressure is also known as - ANSWERHypertension Normal blood pressure is - ANSWER120/ Describe what is meant by pulmonary ventilation - ANSWERbreathing, amount of air moved in one minute what happens to the diaphragm, lung volume, and intrapulmonary pressure during inhalation? - ANSWERdiaphragm contracts, lung volume increases and intrapulmonary pressure decreases What is Tidal Volume - ANSWERthe amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle What is the difference between internal and external respiration? - ANSWERinternal = gas exchange between blood and systemic cells
SA Node - ANSWERpacemaker of the heart, helps initiate and conduct the electrical signal to AV Node Absolute refractory period - ANSWERtime during which another action potential is impossible; limits maximal firing rate What does the P-wave of an electrocardiograph represent? - ANSWERDepolarization of SA Node and atria During ventricular systole describe the blood pressure inside of the ventricles. What does this pressure do to the AV and semilunar valves? - ANSWERcloses both AV valves, opens both semilunar valves | Blood pressure rises Equation for End Systolic Volume (ESV) - ANSWEREDV - SV = ESV , 130ml
- 70ml = 60ml How does oxygen move during internal respiration? - ANSWERO2 moves from high to low concentration in capillaries into systemic cells How can CO2 be carried through the blood? - ANSWERDissolved in plasma (7%) attached to amine group of globin portion of hemoglobin (23%)
bicarbonate dissolved in plasma (70%) Gases ALWAYS move from _____ to _______ pressure. - ANSWERHigh to low What does salivary amylase do? Where does it come from? - ANSWERInitiates chemical breakdown of starch, comes from salivary glands Describe the esophageal phase of deglutition. - ANSWERInvoluntarily occurs after mastation, when bolus passes uvula and begins to make its way down to the stomach What are podocytes and filtration slits? - ANSWERpodocyte sits on basement membrane and helps create filtration slit. //// filtration slit is used to keep certain bigger materials out and let others in The blood vessel that allows blood into the glomerulus is the ______ arteriole, and the blood vessel that allows blood out of the glomerulus is the ________ arteriole. - ANSWERAfferent , Efferent What is net filtration pressure and what would happen if it decreased? - ANSWERaverage pressure forcing water and dissolved materials out of
Which skull bone holds the pituitary gland? - ANSWERSphenoid Which lobe of the pituitary gland is most related to the hypothalamus - ANSWERPosterior Lobe 3 main parts of human cell - ANSWER1. plasma membrane
- cytoplasm
- nucleus Passive transport - ANSWERRequires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration Active transport - ANSWEREnergy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference, low - > high Isotonic - ANSWERwhen the concentration of two solutions is the same hypertonic - ANSWER(of a solution) having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution , causes cells immersed to lose water and shrivel
hypotonic - ANSWERwhen comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes / plumps up cells rapidly as water rushes into them DNA to mRNA - ANSWERDNA: ATGCCGATTA mRNA: UACGGCUAAU Hemostasis - ANSWERstoppage of bleeding thru vasoconstriction inflammation - ANSWERa localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues , swelling / vasodilation proliferative - ANSWERskin contracts to close 11 body systems - ANSWER1. Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- heart
- kidneys
- gonads
- adrenal gland
- infundibulum
- pancreas
- ovary
- testicle cryptorchidism - ANSWERundescended testicles what hormone begins puberty - ANSWERGnRH endometriosis - ANSWERa condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity ovulation - ANSWERThe process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month Nurse cells - ANSWERrelease inhibin when sperm count is too high and inhibits FSH
Veins go ______ the heart - ANSWERtowards Arteries go ____ from the heart - ANSWERaway patent foramen ovale - ANSWERAn opening in the septum that normally separates the atria (by itself called an atrial septal defect), which is caused by failure of the fetal opening to ever close. cardiomegaly - ANSWERenlargement of the heart hypertropic cardiomyopathy - ANSWERheart muscle becomes enlarged and blocks blood flow angina pectoris - ANSWERchest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen heart attack (myocardial infarction) - ANSWERdamage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries cardiac center - ANSWERregulates heart rate from medulla oblongata of brainstem
