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Endocrine System Review: Glands, Hormones, and Functions, Study notes of Anatomy

Our Lady of Fatima University (OLFU)Anatomy

A concise overview of the endocrine system, focusing on the glands, hormones, and their functions. It covers the pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as the pancreas, testes, and ovaries. The document also includes information on endocrine diseases such as graves disease, diabetes mellitus, cushings syndrome, and addisons disease. It concludes with a series of flashcard-style questions and answers to reinforce learning and comprehension, making it a useful study aid for students in medicine, dentistry, and related fields. A valuable resource for understanding the complexities of the endocrine system and its role in maintaining overall health and homeostasis. It offers a structured approach to learning about hormones and their effects on the body.

Typology: Study notes

2018/2019

Available from 07/21/2025

arena-mridha
arena-mridha 🇵🇭

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GENERAL ANATOMY-1 Reviewer
Endocrine System
For Dentistry
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Group of organs made up of ductless glands that secrete hormones.
• Hormones: secretions affecting target organs or tissues via bloodstream and specific
receptors.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• Pituitary gland
• Pineal gland
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid gland
• Adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)
• Testis
• Ovaries
PITUITARY GLAND (Hypophysis Cerebri)
• Located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
• Attached to hypothalamus by infundibulum.
• Pea-sized with two lobes:
1. Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) – 75% of gland mass.
2. Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).
Anterior Pituitary Hormones and Functions:
• Human Growth Hormone (hGH): stimulates body growth and metabolism regulation.
• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): controls thyroid gland secretion.
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete
glucocorticoids.
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): regulates gonads.
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH): regulates gonads.
• Prolactin (PRL): initiates and maintains milk secretion.
Posterior Pituitary Hormones (stored and released):
• Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH): conserves water, raises blood pressure.
• Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions during delivery and milk ejection during
breastfeeding.
PINEAL GLAND (Epiphysis Cerebri)
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GENERAL ANATOMY- 1 Reviewer Endocrine System For Dentistry ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  • Group of organs made up of ductless glands that secrete hormones.
  • Hormones: secretions affecting target organs or tissues via bloodstream and specific receptors. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid gland
  • Adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)
  • Testis
  • Ovaries PITUITARY GLAND (Hypophysis Cerebri)
  • Located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
  • Attached to hypothalamus by infundibulum.
  • Pea-sized with two lobes:
  1. Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) – 75% of gland mass.
  2. Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). Anterior Pituitary Hormones and Functions:
  • Human Growth Hormone (hGH): stimulates body growth and metabolism regulation.
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): controls thyroid gland secretion.
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): regulates gonads.
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH): regulates gonads.
  • Prolactin (PRL): initiates and maintains milk secretion. Posterior Pituitary Hormones (stored and released):
  • Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH): conserves water, raises blood pressure.
  • Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions during delivery and milk ejection during breastfeeding. PINEAL GLAND (Epiphysis Cerebri)
  • Located at caudal end of diencephalon.
  • Cells: pinealocytes.
  • Hormone: melatonin (derived from serotonin), promotes sleepiness. THYROID GLAND
  • Located in lower anterior neck; two lobes connected by isthmus.
  • Contains follicles that secrete:
  1. Thyroxine (T4)
  2. Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Functions: increase basal metabolic rate, maintain body temperature.
  • Parafollicular cells secrete thyrocalcitonin regulating calcium homeostasis. PARATHYROID GLAND
  • Four small glands on posterior thyroid surface.
  • Secretes parathormone (PTH) which elevates blood calcium levels. ADRENAL GLANDS (Suprarenal Glands)
  • Located superior to kidneys.
  • Two layers: A. Adrenal cortex:
  • Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, deoxycortisone): regulate fluids, electrolytes, blood pressure.
  • Glucocorticoids (cortisone): regulate metabolism, stress resistance.
  • Androgens: promote female libido, converted to estrogen; stimulate hair growth and prepubertal growth. B. Adrenal medulla: secretes catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) enhancing sympathetic nervous system effects during stress. PANCREAS
  • Pistol-shaped organ with head (enclosed by duodenum), body (behind stomach), tail (near spleen). Pancreatic Hormones and Cells:
  • Alpha cells: produce glucagon (raises blood glucose).
  • Beta cells: produce insulin (lowers blood glucose).
  • Delta cells: produce somatostatin (inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion, slows nutrient absorption).
  • F cells: produce pancreatic polypeptides. INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF LEYDIG (Male Hormones)

Q: What hormone elevates blood calcium levels? A: Parathormone (PTH). Q: Name the three classes of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. A: Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. Q: What pancreatic cells produce insulin? A: Beta cells. Q: Which male hormone regulates sperm production and secondary sex characteristics? A: Testosterone. Q: What are the functions of estrogen and progesterone secreted by the ovary? A: Regulate menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare mammary glands, promote female secondary sex characteristics. Q: How does the anterior pituitary regulate other endocrine glands? A: By secreting stimulating hormones like TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH that control target glands. Q: What is the role of oxytocin released by the posterior pituitary? A: Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding. Q: How does parathormone affect calcium homeostasis? A: It raises blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption and increasing calcium absorption. Q: What are the effects of excessive glucocorticoids in Cushing’s syndrome? A: Obesity, hypertension, osteoporosis, and hyperglycemia. Q: How do insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose? A: Insulin lowers blood glucose; glucagon raises it. Q: What happens in Addison’s disease? A: Deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones leading to fatigue, low blood pressure, and skin pigmentation.