Engineering sustainability, Exams of Engineering

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Introduction Agenda 2030's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded on research from the natural and social sciences as well as other disciplines and aim to bring about systemic changes essential to preserving human existence and the diversity of life on Earth (Fourati-Jamoussi et al., 2019). Human rights concepts such as universality and indivisibility, participation and inclusion, equality and non- discrimination, and accountability and rule of law form the foundation of the SDGs. A human rights-based strategy is founded on these tenets. By enhancing our standard of living and providing chances for long-term economic development on a global scale, engineers help meet some of humanity's most fundamental requirements. This is especially important since it helps advance two of UNESCO's global priorities: gender equality and development in Africa. The engineering field has great potential, but it might be used even more effectively if more women and girls were involved. Governments everywhere should encourage their youth populations to explore engineering as a viable career option by providing equal access to education and other resources (Okokpujie et al., 2019). The availability of resources like high-quality STEM curricula, supportive teachers and mentors, the use of online forums and networking opportunities, and financial aid from the government are all crucial to the success of any of these career paths (Bell, 2011). Innovative engineering and technological solutions are needed to address sustainable development within the problems of climate change, population expansion, and urbanization (Gagnon et al., 2009). Having a sufficient number of engineers who are willing to work on these global issues depends on engineering capacity and competence-building operations. Given that the continent of Africa has a far smaller concentration of engineering professionals per capita than other parts of

material, or product is shrinking. Meanwhile, engineering's difficulties, such as those outlined in the SDGs, are growing more complex and frequently need cross- disciplinary, cross-national, and cross-cultural approaches to their resolution. Such cross-border approaches have been crucial in stopping the spread of the COVID- pandemic. Success in achieving the SDGs will need new approaches to engineering education (Fourati-Jamoussi et al., 2019). Developing engineering curricula that emphasize sustainability and creativity is crucial for producing a broad pool of engineers with a creative outlook. To foster a new breed of engineers that are both innovative and ethical, all subfields of engineering should make sustainability a fundamental skill set. Sustainability and innovation need to be prioritized in the development of engineering professions and activities (Bell, 2011). It is everyone's responsibility to ensure that sustainable practices are integral to every facet of engineering practice and that responsible engineering is embraced by all businesses and individuals in the field. Greater international cooperation in engineering is essential if the SDGs are to be achieved. But there is now an unequal distribution of funding for STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) education. There is a severe shortage of both trained engineers and available technical resources in the world's poorest areas. Therefore, we call on the worldwide engineering community to collaborate with government, business, and education; foster the growth of engineering expertise in underserved areas, and address global problems in a way that benefits everyone. In 2016, the Chinese Academy of Engineering and Tsinghua University established the International Centre for Engineering Education (ICEE) with the support of UNESCO. The International Council for Engineering Education (ICEE) works to advance the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) via international

collaboration in the engineering and engineering education sectors. This paper is a culmination of their efforts to achieve this goal. To fulfill its role in helping to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the ICEE plans to collaborate closely and in a joint effort with its worldwide counterparts in the international engineering community and engineering education. Individual findings Learning and using methods for resolving issues is at the heart of engineering. Engineering, as a profession and a field of study, has grown and changed with humans for millennia. Through the use of scientific information, technological methodologies, design concepts, and management practices, engineers have assisted us with our everyday issues and our production demands (Fourati-Jamoussi et al., 2019). The many branches of engineering have helped ensure humanity's continued existence and prosperity on Earth. As a result, we are better able to protect ourselves from natural catastrophes and public health threats, maintain stable food and water supplies, effectively communicate and move about, and develop and market novel goods and services. Problems arise everywhere, and everywhere they do, engineers are needed to provide answers. Keeping human progress going while protecting the earth is the top priority for the globe today. Here, engineering is crucial. Medical care, agricultural methods, and biodiversity conservation are just a few of the areas where robotics and autonomous systems are making profound impacts. Despite their centrality in achieving the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, the possibilities and dangers in this area have not been extensively examined. We provide the results of a global survey of 102 experts in the field of robotics and autonomous systems, in which we asked them to assess the potential effects of these technologies on all seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (Okokpujie et al., 2019). It is

SDGs. AI has the potential to impede 59 of the SDGs, most notably those dealing with poverty, education, and inequality. While little research has been conducted on the potential effects of RAS on the SDGs, much of the current data focuses on specific goals. Surgical procedure enhancements and integrated nursing care are just two examples of how RAS can have a positive effect on the health of patients. RAS can also revolutionize agriculture by leading to new approaches to weed control and help protect biodiversity by reducing the spread of invasive species (Berawi, 2019). Concerns have been raised about the potential effects of RAS on the economy and the environment, including changes to employment opportunities, impacts on pollution and waste, threats to biodiversity conservation from the direct replacement of living components of the natural environment like pollinators, and an increase in carbon emissions from transportation (Fourati-Jamoussi et al., 2019). The potential effects of RAS on society and the environment, as well as how they may aid or hinder the achievement of the SDGs as a whole, remain largely unexplored. The potential of RAS is seldom considered in plans to meet the SDGs and then developed without much thought to the SDGs. Technological advancements have helped lift millions of people out of poverty. Modern economies rely on the expansion of essential infrastructures like roads, trains, and telecommunications networks. There is still a lot of engineering to be done to provide tools that expand people's access to necessities like potable water, sanitary toilets, steady electricity, and safe stovetop fuel. Because the conventional methods of building this infrastructure are so expensive, engineers are coming up with creative solutions and cutting-edge tools to overcome these obstacles (Berawi, 2019). Large populations in low-income nations are expecting more than just access to basic

services; they also want to use cutting-edge technology. Frugal innovation allows for the creation of trustworthy technology that can be used by those with little financial resources. For instance, in India, more than 100 million people living in rural regions and on low incomes have access to mobile phones that cost less than US$25 (Berawi, 2019). Users can better organize their schedules, agricultural output, and money thanks to the superior communication provided by these gadgets. Engineers in India have also made affordable transportation for individuals and families, which is vital for boosting output. With its many improvements and low weight (only 600 kg), the Tata "Nano" automobile is a breakthrough in affordable transportation. Electric and solar-powered cars are examples of the continued innovation in this sector by engineers. Positive knock-on effects, including the creation of new enterprises and jobs, may result from these low-cost inventions. Engineering has already industrialized agriculture and food production by increasing productivity with the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Engineers in the fields of agriculture, mechanics, and chemistry have made these advancements possible (Fourati-Jamoussi et al., 2019). Automated detectors for soil moisture and condition monitoring to significantly improve the delivery of scarce water and fertilizers, robotic systems for the application of fertilizers and pesticides and weeding and planting, and communications technology for weather monitoring, forecasting, and natural disaster warnings, as well as providing farmers with accurate, up-to-date information, are all examples of future technological innovations by electronics and agricultural engineers for sustainable development (Gagnon et al., 2009). The Famine Early Warning Systems Network is a system that uses satellites and ground-based monitoring and remote-sensing technologies to give early warning and analysis on food security on a worldwide scale. Funded by the US Agency for International

promoting inclusive and sustainable consumption and production systems to provide full and productive employment and decent work for all, significant shifts are needed in the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services such as energy, food, water, shelter, welfare, and transportation (Gagnon et al., 2009). Recognizing that certain types of contemporary technologies can contribute to environmental degradation, disrupt livelihoods, and worsen inequities is necessary if we are to harness the good potential of innovation to fulfill Sustainable Development Goals. The most important question How can we promote greater innovation in more settings? What kind of innovation should we prioritize? Simultaneously, we must foster an environment that rewards creative thinking. Meanwhile, disruptive innovations that may be damaging are discouraged. Up until the late '80s, most people thought of innovation as the process by which huge firms turned scientific discoveries into marketable products. However, a more nuanced model of innovation has largely replaced this linear conception of innovation (from science through R&D to commercialization). mechanisms designed within a regulatory framework aiming at boosting national or regional competitiveness Innovation is currently acknowledged as primarily gradual, based on processes of adjustment to existing technologies rather than major novelty alone, and is thus recognized as including practices and procedures that are unique to a nation or organization as well as new to the globe (Fourati-Jamoussi et al., 2019). A more recent understanding of advancement recognizes that capabilities are important not only in formal research and development but also in design, engineering, management, and entrepreneurship and that innovation in forms of organization and social practice, as well as in technologies, is relevant. Furthermore, innovation is

considered the consequence of a complex process of learning and interaction among a wide collection of individuals. Sustainable development relies heavily on the work of professional engineers. They prioritize the preservation of the natural world and the long-term viability of their resources while they labor to improve people's well-being and security. Their efforts are shaped by the prospects and difficulties that contribute to long-term viability. Professional engineers give choices and approaches that improve society while reducing negative effects on the environment. The fast increase in population, continued use of finite resources, and the destruction of natural habitats all contribute to a host of urgent problems (Gagnon et al., 2009). Therefore, engineers are increasingly expected to embrace a broader viewpoint that includes objectives such as poverty reduction, social justice, and local/global links, rather than merely focusing on the environment. Engineers now have a far greater chance to effect positive change by exchanging knowledge and best practices on a global scale. Engineers have important leadership and influencing roles in attaining sustainability (Fourati- Jamoussi et al., 2019). This will be done increasingly by cross-national, cross- disciplinary teams that include people who aren't engineers. The primary objective of sustainable development is to ensure that current and future generations of people everywhere can meet their fundamental requirements and increase their standard of living without endangering the planet.