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English
Phonetics
Phonetics: Transcribing how to pronounce words. Pronunciation: The way you say the word.
Subject matter of phonetics
What do we have to know to be able to produce sentences correctly?
- Individual sounds
- Word stress/accent
- (^) Sentence stress/rhythm
- Intonation
The English sound system
Spelling versus pronunciation
Spelling = Pronunciation ‘Great Vowel Shift’
Phoneme = Smallest linguistic unit able to bring about a change in meaning Allophone = different pronunciation for one phoneme
Which accent?
- 1917: Daniel Jones’ Pronunciation Dictionary
- 1926: Received Pronunciation (RP)
- 1997: BBC-English
- Now: ‘Oxford English’ / ‘Standard Southern British’
Grammar
Present Participle/ Gerund
Exceptions
- Verbs ending in silent -e
- E is dropped (love – loving)
- BUT: ■ dye – dyeing ■ queue – queueing ■ age – ageing ■ canoe – canoeing
- Verbs ending in -ie
- Ie changes into Y and ING is added (lie – lying)
- Verbs of one syllable ending in a short vowel before final consonant
- Final consonant doubled (sit – sitting)
- Verbs of two or more syllables ending in a short vowel and last syllable is stressed
- Final consonant is doubled (refer – referring)
- BUT: ■ handicap – handicapping ■ kidnap – kidnapping ■ worship – worshipping ■ program – programming
- Verbs ending in one vowel + l
- L is doubled (travel – travelling)
- Verbs ending in -c
- K is added (panic – panicking)
Tenses
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
SIMPLE I worked I work I will work CONTINUOUS ‘to be’ + ING
I was working I am working I will be working
PERFECT ‘to have’ + PA.PA.
I had worked I have worked I will have worked
PERFECT CONTINUOUS ‘to have’ + PA.PA. ‘to be’ + ING
I had been working I have been working I will have been working
Tense = forms of a verb which help us know when something happened (Simple Past) Time = Past, Present, Future
- It has been snowing since yesterday.
Future Tenses
Simple Future
- Talking about facts and predictions about the future
- Global warming will become even worse in 2020.
- Talking about spontaneous offers and decisions (unpremeditated)
- (You look tired.) I will cook dinner tonight.
Future Continuous
- Talking about arrangements
- The band will be travelling to the USA at the end of the year.
- Talking about and action going on in the future
- I will be having a bath when he comes home.
- Talking about a routine event in the future
- I will be seeing him at court tomorrow. (He is always there on Tuesdays.)
Future Perfect
- Looking back on a completed future action from a point in the future
- By the end of our trip, we will have stayed in 7 different hotels.
Future Prefect Continuous
- Talking about the duration of a future action from a point in the future
- By 2 o’clock they will have been dancing for three hours.
Expressing the near/immediate future
- Is about to (close)
- On the verge of (losing his temper)
- On the point of (extinction)
ENGLAND WALES SCOTLAND IRELAND
FLAG
PLANT
Rose Leek / Daffodil Thistle Shamrock COLOUR PATRON SAINT
St. George St. David St. Andrew St. Patrick
SAINT’S DAY
23 rd^ April 1 st^ March 30 th^ November 17 th^ March
The Soldier – Rupert Brooke
If I should die, think only this of me: That there’s some corner of a foreign field That is for ever England. There shall be In that rich earth a richer dust concealed; A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam, A body of England’s, breathing English air, Washed by rives, blest by suns of home. And think, this heart, all evil shed away, A pulse in the eternal mind, no less Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given; Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day; And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness, In hearts at peace, under an English heaven. Analysis Rupert Brooke:
- Entered the war in 1914, died of blood-poisoning 1 year later mosquito bite got infected
- Entered the war out of patriotism Poem reflects heroism, still enthusiastic about the war inspires patriotism Poem became famous after his death
- Offers comfort
- Brooke identifies himself with England
- Song of praise hymn of England and English carefree life from before
For All We Have and Are – Rudyard Kipling
For all we have and are, For all our children's fate, Stand up and take the war. The Hun is at the gate! Our world has passed away, In wantonness o'erthrown. There is nothing left to-day But steel and fire and stone! Though all we knew depart, The old Commandments stand: - "In courage kept your heart, In strength lift up your hand." Comfort, content, delight, The ages' slow-bought gain, They shrivelled in a night. Only ourselves remain To face the naked days In silent fortitude, Through perils and dismays Renewed and re-renewed. Though all we made depart, The old Commandments stand: - "In patience keep your heart, In strength lift up your hand." No easy hope or lies Shall bring us to our goal, But iron sacrifice Of body, will, and soul. There is but one task for all— One life for each to give. What stands if Freedom fall? Who dies if England live? Analysis Rudyard Kipling:
- First a patriot
- Persuaded his son to enlist, despite his bad eyesight died in the war (FR)
Lines that express an appeal to fight:
- Stand up & meet the war
- But iron sacrifice of body, will and soul
- There is but one task for all
- For each one life to give
Strange Meeting – Wilfred Owen
It seemed that out of battle I escaped Down some profound dull tunnel, long since scooped Through granites which titanic wars had groined. Yet also there encumbered sleepers groaned, Too fast in thought or death to be bestirred. Then, as I probed them, one sprang up, and stared With piteous recognition in fixed eyes, Lifting distressful hands, as if to bless. And by his smile, I knew that sullen hall, - By his dead smile I knew we stood in Hell. With a thousand fears that vision's face was grained; Yet no blood reached there from the upper ground, And no guns thumped, or down the flues made moan. “Strange friend,” I said, “here is no cause to mourn.” “None,” said that other, “save the undone years, ….. “I am the enemy you killed, my friend. I knew you in this dark: for so you frowned Yesterday through me as you jabbed and killed. I parried; but my hands were loath and cold. Let us sleep now….” Analysis Wilfred Owen
- Influenced by Siegfried Sassoon
- Poetry stood in contrast with
- Perception of war at the time
- Patriotic verses written earlier Strange meeting between 2 dead soldiers from opposite sides
- Vision of tunnels in which men are sleeping
- Sleep = death Yesterday they were enemies, now they sleep together in their final sleep “By his dead smile I knew we stood in Hell” Soldier realizes they are all dead, but safe from battle
Does It Matter? – Siegfried Sassoon
Does it matter? - losing your legs?... For people will always be kind, And you need not show that you mind When the others come in after hunting To gobble their muffins and eggs. Does it matter? - losing your sight? There's such splendid work for the blind; And people will always be kind, As you sit on the terrace remembering And turning your face to the light. Do they matter? - those dreams from the pit? You can drink and forget and be glad, And people won't say that you're mad; For they'll know you've fought for your country And no one will worry a bit. Analysis Siegfried Sassoon
- Criticizes people who don’t care about the soldiers who fought for their country and the ones who died Ironic poem, talking to soldiers after the war 3-fold structure: 3x rhetorical question Describes how soldiers live when they come home after the war:
- Having lost some parts of their body
- Becoming alcoholics Trying to forget the war + suffering after it
Breakfast – Wilfrid Gibson
We ate our breakfast lying on our backs, Because the shells were screeching overhead. I bet a rasher to a loaf of bread That Hull United would beat Halifax When Jimmy Stainthorpe played full-back instead of Billy Bradford. Ginger raised his head And cursed, and took the bet; and dropt back dead. We ate our breakfast lying on our backs, Because the shells were screeching overhead. Analysis Wilfred Gibson
- Ironic war verse
- Sense of comfort seriousness of the surrounding combat repeat the final lines Creates a surreal sense of continuity, as if nothing at all has gone wrong
