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ENGR 297 Test 2 With
Solution
Consequentialism - ANSWER an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable
-> Handlung moralisch richtig, wenn Konsequenzen eher günstig als ungünstig sind
Utiliarianism - ANSWER greatest amount of happiness for the greater number of people when considering consequences
BENTHAM: 1. Act 2. what causes pleasure/pain
MILL: 1. Rule 2. Levels (some pain/pleasure are worse/better than other)
Deontological theories - ANSWER consider our duties not the consequences of some act or rule
-> Pflichten berücksichtigen, nicht Konsequenzen einer Handlung
Virtue theory - ANSWER emphasizes the importance of developing good habits of character rather than following rules
-> gute Charaktereigenschaften anstatt Regeln zu befolgen
Categorical imperative - ANSWER mandates an action, irrespective of one's desire
do unto other as you would have them do unto you
-> fordert eine Handlung, unabhängig von eigenen Wünschen
-> behandle andere so, wie du selbst behandelt werden willst
Social contract - ANSWER act according to the aggreements made with others in society
Veil of Ignorance (Rawls) - ANSWER we are unaware of any of our own circumstances (poor/rich, young/old, male/female...); make moral rules from the neutral position
Prisoner's Dilemma - ANSWER we act better if we try to maximize benefits for everyone rather than just ourselves
Anthropocentric theories - ANSWER ethical debate are human centered; seems that only humans can reflect about ethical matters
Environmental theory (holistic) - ANSWER we need to stop treating land as a mere object or resource
Gratuities - ANSWER a material benefit given in a return for a service (Trinkgeld)
Contract underbidding - ANSWER submitting a low bid on a contract in order to give an unfair advantage over other bidder while at the same time being aware that additional funds will later need to be requested in order to complete the contract -> Vertrag unterbieten
Bid rigging - ANSWER when companies collude to defraud an entity that need expertise that is beyond its abilities
-> Unternehmen arbeiten zusammen, um ein anderes Unternehmen zu betrügen, das Know-how benötigt, das über seine Fähigkeiten hinausgeht
Kickbacks - ANSWER illegal payments made by one entity to another whas has control over disbursing funds
-> illegale Zahlung von U. an anderes U., das Kontrolle über Auszahlung von Geldern hat
Resume padding - ANSWER the act of exaggerating or lying about educational or work experience on a resume
-> besser darstellen als man ist
whistleblowing - ANSWER reporting unethical or fraudulent conduct that occurs within a firm or organization
cyberethics - ANSWER guidelines by which information system are managed, very applicable to engineers
-> Richtlinien für Verwaltung von Informationssystem
Computer image enhancement - ANSWER don't edit/change images to help/support or retute hypothesis (unethical)
software knowledge - ANSWER only use software to perform design computations you are familiar with the theory behind and limitations of the algorithm
privacy - ANSWER condition of being isolated from the view of others
piracy - ANSWER copying software in violation of the copyright agreement
intellectual property - ANSWER intangible objects such as computer software are considered intellectual property; harder to determine ownershop of intellectual property (e.g. copyright, trademark)
business ethics - ANSWER Aristotle: virtue ethics - exceed at you purpose
Consequentialism: who do we include in our calculation? (consumer, competition); sometimes it may seem justified to sacrifice one person for the benefit of the whole
Kant: workers are not merely human resources that can be discarded
company must take into account the workers aspiriation and help to fulfill them and provide meaningful work
invisible hand argument - ANSWER when everyone aims for their own selft-interested advantage, the combination of all their actions creates the best possible outcome for society
Sustainability (populations, food security, energy, managing the commons, industry, peace/security) - ANSWER sustainable developments will ensure that both present and future generations are able to meet their own needs
Carbon tax vs cap and trade - ANSWER Carbon tax: renewable sources of energy, cheaper than non-renewable
Cap and trade: set limits an amount of emission, companies buy permits to pollute
