Environmental Factors and Ecosystem Dynamics, Essays (high school) of Law

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Environment - It refers to the complete

range of^ physical^ and (^) biological

condition in which org. like and interact with biotic and abiotic

factors. Habitat - The (^) place where an organism

live is called its Habitat.

I^ Wastes The^ useless^ ; left^ over^ on^ discarded^ substances^ are^ called^ waste

substances.

Waste solid (^) liquid Gaseous

In form of household^ wastes, In form of chemical^ In^ form of smoke^ from

farm was^ les^ etc^.^ waste. (^) chimneys and^ vehicles

These substances are divided into two main

groups

Biodegradable Svstances (^) / wastes Coogan

Pc) :

substances which can be

decomposed (^) by action^ of^ micro-organisms are

called

biodegradable wastes (^). Eg

• fruits and vegetable peels^ ,^ cotton etc^. YB Non- Biodegradable wastes^ -^ Substances^ which cannot^ be^ decomposed (^) by action of micro- organisms are^ called^ non- biodegradable wastes.

of

plastic,^

metals ele.

Ways

in which

biodegradable wastes would^ affect the environment- % Decomposition of^ bio de grable wastes^ leads (^) to (^) fold smell. dis (^) Dumping of industrial^ wastes^ at^ large amount^ reduces^ fertility or^ soil^ and leads (^) to reduction in (^) crop

yields.

Iii)

Dumping of^ waste into water bodies to^ water^ pollution and (^) responsible for spreading water

• borne diseases.

Ways in^

which Non-

biodegradable

wastes affect the environment -

% They

block the

transfer of^ energy

and minerals in the^

ecosystem.

dis

They

make the environment

poisonous and (^) unfit for survival. They also

pollute

water and harms aquatic life.

(^) DDT (

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ) - It (^) cannot be^ broken^ down^ into

simpler, harmless^ substances^ and^ harm^ the^ environment^.

lip

. Besides natural degradation by

microbes

, what^ are^

the other ways to = dispose of^ biodegradable? and

• The other

ways

to dispose of^ biodegradable waste^ is^ through waste^ treatment plants or^ converting them^ into^ manure^ and^ form^ bio^

• gas .

extremes in (^) temp. for (^) eg- during warm (^) season (^) temp warms the^ water bodies^4 water (^) evaporates causing

rain dates which affects the

growth of^ plants^ which determines variety animals ' living that^ place^ . AtmosphericGases^

• The most Pmp. gases are^ co.^ , Oz^ , Nitrogen^.^ Oz^ is^ used by all diving organisms during^ respiration ,^ CO^ is used^

by green plants^ for^ photosynthesis

and

nitrogen is (^) made available to (^) plants (^) by certain bacteria. Qu ' engl ater - water is^ essential^ for (^) life and^ al ! organisms depend^ on it^ to^ survive^ in papally desert (^) areas. cbyBPoticcomp-onents-l.sn All^ the^ living components such^ as^ plants, animals^ , bacteria

ete^ form the biotic components.

On basis (^) of nutrition (^) , types are-

④ Producers

• Those

org

. who^ can (^) produce their own (^) food using

abiotic

component (photosynthesis are^ called^ producers^ and^ also^ autotrophs. eg

All green plants,^ blue - g le en algae ele.

* These are source of nutrition for rest of

ecosystem.

Indirectly by^

these are also source

of Oz^ and^ pick^ up coz^ , so^ they balance

the composition of air.

dis Condemners^

• These are org . who are (^) dependent on (^) producers directly or^ indirectly for

their food. They are^ thus

, heterotrophic^. ey

• all (^) animals , (^) including hyman Herbivores - These (^) are animals (^) which (^) directly fed on (^) plants. They are (^) called primary or (^) first order consumers.

ef

• dear , (^) goat ele

• (^) since (^) then convert plant matter^

→ animal matter

they are know as (^) key industry animals^.

• carnivores -^ These^ are^ animals^ which^ prey upon their^ animals^ and feed on^ their^ flash^. They are^ called^ second-orderees^.

* Some carnivores

may

be predator which^ kill^ their^ prey 4 feed. These are called^ thirdorderconsumers

• Omnivores - Those who^ feed (^) upon both plants and (^) animals. eg - human.
• (^) parasites - Those who live on^ body of host^ and^ take^ food from

it without

killing them^. Eg

• dice , cascuta^ etc. Iii) (^) Decomposers^
• these (^) are known as organisms of^ decay as^ these^ are microorganismswhich feed on^ decaying and^ dead^ living matter. They breakdown the remains (^) of dead (^) plants and animals (^) releasing substances^ that can used

by

other members (^) or ecosystem

. ef - bacteria , (^) fungi ele^.

It plays (^) following

role in the^ environment :

→ They help^ in recycling of^ material^ ,^ replenishment^ of soils^ nutrients. → They also (^) clean (^) up surroundings (^) by decomposing org^

• & organic

waste.

(^) food chain - It is (^) a series

of (^) org. through which^ energy is^ transferred in (^) form of (^) food. eyes

Grass →^ Deer^ →^ 48N

Trophic level^ In^ a^ food^ chain^ various^ steps where^ transfer^ of^ energy of (^) energy and^ takes^ place is^ called^ tropic level^.

Levels -^ first^ topic level^ →^ Producers^ (autotrophs)

second (^) tropic level -^ Herbivores or primary consumers. Third level^ →^ Carnivores^ or^ secondary consumers^. fourth level - large or^ tertiary level consumers. Energy flow b/w (^) trophic levels^ or^ food chain is flow^ of

energy

in (^) a (^) food chain is (^) unidirectional. dis (^) Green (^) plants (^) capture I/o of (^) sunlight and^ convert^ it into^ food (^) energy. 10% law^

• Acc. to 10% law, (^) only top of (^) energy (^) entering a^ particular trophic

level of

org

. is^ available^ for transfer to^ next (^) trophic level l^ higher). The^ remaining 90% of

energy

is used^ in life (^) processes (^ digestion, respiration) (^) by present trophic

level.

egg 's (^) Grass Deer Es^ Lion Iii Due to^ this gradual decrease in (^) energy , food^

chain contain

only 3- (^4) trophic levels. ry IKT .

Secondary LO^ KT

consumers Primary consumers 100kt

Producers 1000 KJ

food chain (^) in Deserts :^ Cactus → Scorpion →^ Rat →^ snake significance of^ food^

chain :

• It shows^ the (^) interdependence b/w org . It (^) helps to^ understand^ movement (^) of toxic substance. iii, It^ shows^ who^ eats^ whom^. in It^ shows^ how^ ecological balance^ goes on^.

(^) Biological magnification or Bio

magnification

• It is the phenomenon

that refers to^

increasing or (^) concentration (^) of harmful chemicals (^) with

each successive^ trophic level.

Ozone - Ozone (Os) is (^) a molecule (^) formed

by three atoms (^) of (^) oxygen. It is^ deadly poisonous^ . formation in^ Atmosphere : The high energy

UV radiation

coming from^ sun

splits oxygen into^

(^2) free oxygen atoms. q

Q

from air^ from sun O t^0 The (^) free

oxygen

atoms produced is very

reactive . These

oxygen atoms react with oxygen molecule to (^) form ozone molecule^.

Oz t^ O^ -^03

020hL. function (^) of Ozone (^) layer The layer of^ atmosphere^ in (^) which most (^) of atmosphere 's ozone is

concentrated is^ called ozone layer.

It absorbs most of harmful radiations (UV)

coming from^

sun which

can cause skin cancer

,

cataract

,

disturb

global rainfall^

. (^) ete. Depletion of^ Ozone^ layer It is^ mainly depleted^ due to synthetic

chemicals called

chlorofluorocarbonCFCs) used in (^) refrigerators. As : Cfcs (^) are very

stable.

Being

stable

they

do not^

degrade easily and (^) nose (^) up in atmosphere.^ In^ atmosphere,^ UV^ radiation^ breaks Cfcs molecules in release (^) of chlorine^ which (^) on reaction with

ozone breaks^ it^ into

Oxygen

molecules .

I (^) o Two gases replaced^

Cfcs

of Hydro fluorocarbon^ (Hfc) Perfluorocarbon (Pfc)

Harmful effects^ of ozone^ →^ Is^ In^ atmosphere, it is^ highly

toxic

causing eye

irritation ele^.

Ii, It^ harms^ plants (^) by destroying photosynthetic^

cells .

(^) GARBAT:^ The^ household waste is^ called^

garbage . → (^) The disposal of^ waste generated by

us in such a manner that it

doesn't (^) affect our environment adversely

is called

garbage management methods (^) of (^) Garbage Disposal's Is Recycling

• It Ps

process of^

waste (^) materials to^ form new products. Materials (^) like tin , cans^ etc (^) are recyclable . ED (^) Composting - Biodegradable domestic^ wastes^ such^ as^ left over^ food, peels of^ fruits

and

vegetables

are buried in a

pit (^) dug into^ ground.

They

are converted into

compost and^

used as manure.

Ciii) landfills

• solid (^) waste is dumped into^ a^ low^ - lying

area and^ covered

with soil^.

Qb sewage treatment -

sewage

is carried^ to^

sewage treatment (^) plants

( STP s) :