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Enzymes: Structure, Function, and Regulation, Exams of Chemistry

Rasmussen College - FloridaChemistry

A comprehensive overview of enzymes, covering their structure, function, and regulation. It delves into the key characteristics of enzymes, such as their role as biological catalysts, their ability to lower the energy of activation, and their specificity in catalyzing reactions. The document also explores the various mechanisms of enzyme regulation, including the role of cofactors, coenzymes, and inhibitors. Additionally, it covers the six classes of enzyme functions and the different models for enzyme mechanisms, such as the lock-and-key theory and the induced-fit theory. A valuable resource for students and researchers interested in understanding the fundamental principles of enzyme biology and its applications in various fields, including biochemistry, molecular biology, and biotechnology.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 09/18/2024

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CHEM 1020 Exam 5 | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated
2024/2025 (Graded A+)
An enzyme is a ________ and a ____________ - ✔✔protein, biological catalyst
Enzymes ___________ the energy of activation - ✔✔lowers
Enzymes __________ alter the net energy of the reaction - ✔✔do not
Are enzymes permanently consumed by reactions? - ✔✔No
Only catalyzes specific substrates - ✔✔Absolute specificity
Only catalyzes similar substances - ✔✔Relative specificity
Made up of proteins, enormous catalytic power, can be regulated, and are highly specific in the
reactions they catalyze - ✔✔Enzymes
A specific substance acted upon by an enzyme - ✔✔Substrate
A way to regulate enzyme behavior and control speed of reactions - ✔✔Regulation
Nonprotein component of an enzyme that can be easily separated from protein structure - ✔✔Co-factor
When the cofactor is an organic substance - ✔✔Co-enzyme
Protein portion of an enzyme requiring a cofactor - ✔✔Apoenzyme
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CHEM 1020 Exam 5 | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated

2024/2025 (Graded A+)

An enzyme is a ________ and a ____________ - ✔✔protein, biological catalyst Enzymes ___________ the energy of activation - ✔✔lowers Enzymes __________ alter the net energy of the reaction - ✔✔do not Are enzymes permanently consumed by reactions? - ✔✔No Only catalyzes specific substrates - ✔✔Absolute specificity Only catalyzes similar substances - ✔✔Relative specificity Made up of proteins, enormous catalytic power, can be regulated, and are highly specific in the reactions they catalyze - ✔✔Enzymes A specific substance acted upon by an enzyme - ✔✔Substrate A way to regulate enzyme behavior and control speed of reactions - ✔✔Regulation Nonprotein component of an enzyme that can be easily separated from protein structure - ✔✔Co-factor When the cofactor is an organic substance - ✔✔Co-enzyme Protein portion of an enzyme requiring a cofactor - ✔✔Apoenzyme

Speed (molecules per minute) of how quickly an enzyme can speed up a reaction - ✔✔Turn-over rate Enzyme with extra pieces which renders it inactive - ✔✔Zymogen Different enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are subject to different regulatory controls - ✔✔Isoenzymes A site on an enzyme other than the active site, to which a specific substance binds, thereby changing the shape and activity of the enzyme. - ✔✔Allosteric site A substance that decreases the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, providing regulation in cells - ✔✔Inhibitor A substance that binds somewhere other than active site (allosteric site) and changes protein activity - ✔✔Modulator Poisons and medicines - ✔✔Inhibitors Forms a covalent bond with a specific functional group on enzyme, rendering it inactive - ✔✔Irreversible inhibition A lot of deadly poisons (including cyanide) are ______________ - ✔✔Irreversible inhibitors Heavy metals such as _______ and _______________ are so toxic that they render the protein part of enzymes inactive - ✔✔Mercury, lead ______________ combine with - SH groups on enzymes to change shape and render inactive - ✔✔Irreversible inhibitors

Isomerization reactions - ✔✔isomerase Formation of bonds with ATP cleavage - ✔✔ligase How are enzymes named? - ✔✔substrate name - ose + ase Fructose=Fructase Two models for enzyme mechanism - ✔✔1) Lock and key theory

  1. Induced fit theory Where the enzyme and substrate meet - ✔✔active site Enzyme surfaces will accommodate only substrates having specific shapes and sizes - ✔✔Lock and key theory _____________ implies that enzyme conformations are fixed or rigid - ✔✔Lock and key theory Enzymes have somewhat flexible conformations that may adapt to incoming substrates - ✔✔Induced fit theory ________________ implies that the active site has a shape that becomes complementary to that of the substrate only after the substrate is bound - ✔✔Induced fit theory What factors affect enzyme activity? - ✔✔temperature, pH, substrate concentration A certain four-part series of steps synthesizes a protein, X. Each step is regulated by an enzyme. The final product (X) acts to interrupt the first step of the synthesis, thus shutting down the entire process. - ✔✔Feedback inhibition

How does enzyme regulation work? - ✔✔Enzymes can be regulated by other molecules that either increase or reduce their activity.