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EOSC 114 Final Exam Prep. Questions
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iron, nickel, oxygen - correct answers 1st, 2nd, and 3rd most common elements in the earth core oxygen, silicon, aluminum - correct answers 1st, 2nd, and 3rd most common elements in the earth crust oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine - correct answers 1st, 2nd, and 3rd most common elements in the ocean nitrogen, oxygen, argon - correct answers 1st, 2nd, and 3rd most common elements in the atmosphere less-dense materials float on top of denser materials - correct answers how does density relate to stratification? a substance that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure; a gas or a liquid - correct answers define fluid how thick a fluid is; measure of resistance to flow; depends on temperature and chemical structure; high viscosity means that the matter is thick and has a slow flow; low viscosity means that the matter is runny and has a quick flow - correct answers define viscosity able to be squeezed or expanded so that the mass fills less or more space; results in a change of density (mass/volume) of the object, because of the volume change - correct answers compressibility
probability that any given hazardous event might occur (chance of potential loss) - correct answers define risk the work needed to raise an object of mass (m) a distance (z) against the pull of gravity (g) - correct answers define potential energy (PE) a moving object possesses kinetic energy - correct answers define kinetic energy (KE( heat energy we can sense or feel (or measure); when we measure temperature we are measuring this; on an atomic level this is really particle motion - correct answers define sensible heat "hidden" heat energy in chemical bonds between atoms; sensible heat "stored" as latent heat during melting or boiling (or sublimating); latent heat released as sensible heat when condensing or freezing (or depositing); when liquid becomes gaseous heat is taken from surroundings; when has becomes liquid heat is transferred/released to the surroundings - correct answers define latent heat disasters - correct answers what are the result of an excess of energy? composition, heat, and gravity - correct answers what are plate tectonics controlled by? low density rock that rises above; continental crustal rock is very different than the rock that comprises the oceanic crust - correct answers define crust thick, rocky layer, very similar to oceanic crustal rock - correct answers define mantle solid outer layer of the earth; cool, solid exterior shell, quite brittle, a little ductile - correct answers define lithosphere almost melting, still solid (less than 5% melted), very ductile, NOT brittle - correct answers define asthenosphere
only through a solid, can't 'bend' a liquid or a gas, large amplitudes, near horizontal ground motion is very destructive - correct answers describe S-waves speed depends on ground conditions, slowest waves, often the largest amplitudes, rolling motion most destructive, longest duration - correct answers describe surface waves (rayleigh and love) ground shaking, building design, soil properties, fire, tsunami, landslide - correct answers earthquake hazards (6) (i) megathrust locked zone - brittle enough for the rupture to start, possible hypocentre location (ii) transition zone - too ductile for hypocentre, but fault could rupture this deep once it has started (iii) trench - location of plate boundary on the surface and the tsunami starting location - correct answers what are the 3 regions of earthquakes in a subduction zone? (Cascadia is a subduction zone) low viscosity, low silica, hot temperature - correct answers describe characteristics of mafic magma (viscosity, silica content, and temperature) high viscosity, high silica, cool temperature - correct answers describe characteristics of felsic magma (viscosity, silica content, and temperature) explosivity - correct answers viscosity and gas content are related to what? low gas content and fluid, quiet, effusive eruptions, gas escapes - correct answers mafic explosions high gas content and gooey, explosive, gas kept under increasing pressure - correct answers felsic explosions
basalt, low volatile content, low viscosity, VEI (0-1), fissure eruptions, low-volatile lava flows create wide volcanic plateaus of nearly horizontal volcanic rock levels - correct answers icelandic eruption type basalt, low volatile content, low viscosity, VEI (0-1), after initial venting of gas, great quantities of basaltic lava spill out of fissures and flow down mountain slopes - correct answers hawaiian eruption type basalt & andesite, medium volatile content, low and medium viscosity, VEI (1-2), not strong enough to break cones, gas pressure builds quickly beneath the crust, and eruptions occur as distinct and separate bursts - correct answers strombolian eruption type basalt & andesite & rhyolite, medium-high volatile content, medium-high viscosity, VEI (2-4). Eruptions alternate between thick, highly viscous lava and masses of pyroclastic material - correct answers vulcanian eruption type andesite & rhyolite, high volatile content, high viscosity, VEI (3-8), incredible gas- powered vertical eruption columns, final phase in a major eruptive sequence - correct answers plinian eruption type dark colour, 45-55% SiO2 content, low viscosity magma, peaceful eruption - correct answers volcanic rocks - basalt medium colour, 55-65% SiO2 content - correct answers volcanic rocks - andesite light colour, 65-75% SiO2 content, high viscosity magma, explosive eruption - correct answers volcanic rocks - rhyolite high silica content, cooler magma temps, and higher viscosity - correct answers what do explosive eruptions require? a lava flow with a rough, blocky surface; slower-flowing, more viscous - correct answers define aa lava
volume of ash produced, height of eruption cloud above vent, duration of eruption - correct answers key characteristics that define VEI most important tool for monitoring and forecasting earthquakes, monitoring essential to recognize changes, anomalous behaviour - correct answers volcano monitoring techniques: seismology GPS measures changes in position, TM (tiltmeter) measures changes in angle of slope, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurement by satellites to detect changes in elevation - correct answers volcano monitoring techniques: ground deformation direct sampling can be done, but it is more efficient to do it from a distance using spectrometers that measure amounts of CO2 and SO2, COSPEC (correlation spectrometer) and FTIR (fourier transform infrared spectrometer) - correct answers volcano monitoring techniques: gas emission monitoring of lahar and debris flow channels, seismic or motion sensing systems, real-times warning - correct answers volcano monitoring techniques: lahar flow detection global coverage, rapid repeat measurements, ideal for early warning, and ideal for remote areas - correct answers volcano monitoring techniques: satellite observation steepest angle a slope can maintain without collapsing, the exact angle varies depending on material - correct answers define angle of response motion - correct answers if driving forces are greater than resisting forces, what will occur? landlside triggers - correct answers what translates instability into motion? slope angle, undercutting, overloading, vegetation, climate - correct answers 5 external causes of landslides?
water, inherently weak materials, adverse geologic structures - correct answers 3 internal causes of landslides? earthquakes, snow melt, heavy rainfall, rain on snow, loud noises, vehicles, volcanic eruptions, excavation - correct answers list landslide triggers belown depth (d > 1/2 L) - correct answers at what point do orbits disappear? speed decreases, wavelength decreases, height increases, steepness increases, period stays the same, orbitals flatten and become elliptical, waves "break" - correct answers what happens as waves move into shallow water? wind over ocean - correct answers generating force: wind wave changes in atmospheric pressure, storm surge, tsunami - correct answers generating force: seiche faulting of seafloor, volcanic eruption, landslide - correct answers generating force: tsunami gravitational attraction, rotation of earth - correct answers generating force: tide surface tension - correct answers restoring force: capillary wave gravity - correct answers restoring force: surface gravity waves wind speed, wind duration, fetch - correct answers what 3 factors affect the growth of wind waves? crests line up with crests and troughs line up with troughs, bigger waves, high energy packet - correct answers constructive interference
releases sensible heat into storms, reduces the humidity down to the equilibrium value, produces or increases liquid cloud drops - correct answers condensation does 3 things violently rotating columns of air in contact with the ground - correct answers tornadoes an isolated lowering of cloud base, beneath rising cumulus towers, on SW flank of the storm - correct answers wall cloud the difference between the parcel temperature and the temperature of the surrounding air - correct answers what does the buoyancy of an air parcel depend on? temperature - correct answers what alters pressure to drive horizontal winds? air molecules tend to spread themselves smoothly and evenly, they don't leave any gaps, air is continuous - correct answers continuity concept horizontal - correct answers initial vertical motion due to buoyancy generates what kind of motion in surrounding air? counterclockwise - correct answers hurricanes and typhoons are tropical cyclones with surface winds turning in which direction? centre of hurricane - relatively clear, relatively calm, low pressure at sea level - correct answers eye ring of thunderstorms around the eye - correct answers eye wall thunderstorms - correct answers hurricanes are made of what? bands of storms extending out from the eye wall - correct answers spiral bands
warm, humid boundary-layer air - correct answers individual thunderstorms use what as fuel? they manipulate the environment to continually create new fuel from heat stored in the ocean - correct answers why are hurricanes and their Tstorms long lasting? ocean surface temperatures are > 26C and warm surface waters are > 60m deep - correct answers self-fueling methods work only if what is happening? low pressure in eye sucks in boundary-layer air, as air gets closer to the eye it moves faster, faster winds create larger ocean waves, evaporation from ocean surface is enhanced with spray from waves, adds significant amounts of moisture into boundary-layer air, when boundary-layer air reaches the base of the eye-wall it is warm, exceptionally humid, and contains tremendous amounts of sensible and latent-heat fuel - correct answers describe the fuel creation method central pressure in eye remains low (to create wind, waves, and to suck in fuel of warm humid air) - correct answers hurricanes can persist only if what happens? warm - correct answers heavy condensation and precipitation from thunderstorms in the eye wall cause the hurricane core to become very what relative to its surroundings? thin layer of life on the Earth's surface composed of ecosystems - correct answers biosphere biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere - correct answers earth system science what is on top is youngest - correct answers superposition if it's titled or folded it was originally flat - correct answers original horizontality
continental configuration, sea level fall, oceanic stagnation, possible extra terrestrial impacts, climate change - correct answers causes of the Permo/Triassic extinction? clathrates (solid crystal structure containing methane from decay of organic material) - Ocean warms --> melts clathrates --> releases methane kills off many creatures - clears "ecological space" - room for dinosaurs to come in - correct answers effects of the Permo/Triassic extinction? extinction events - correct answers mesozoic "dinosaur time" is bracketed by what? massive increase of % of fern spores in sediments, soot layers as evidence of massive global fires, tektites (natural glass produced by melting rocks during impact) common, shocked quartz common, tsunami deposits, the crater - correct answers what is the evidence to support the K/Pg impact? near the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico - correct answers where is the crater of the K/Pg impact? chicxulub - correct answers what is the largest known impact crater of earth? vaporizes everything close by, widespread forest fires, global tsunami - correct answers initial effects of impact? nuclear winter, photosynthesis stops, increased greenhouse effect, raises global temp, rapid shift in environmental conditions, global volcanic activity increases 2- fold, high energy blasts affects atmosphere, forms yucatan evaporites, acid rain - correct answers long-term effect of impact? salts percipitated by evaporating bodies of water - correct answers yucatan evaporites very large chunks of rock in space that are smaller than a planet, common in a series of belts between Mars and Jupiter - correct answers asteroids
smaller chunks of rock in space, become meteors when they enter our atmosphere, aka 'shooting stars' - correct answers meteorids chunks of rock mixed with ice, 'dirty snowballs', commonly around 15km in diameter, comets, comets come from the Oort Cloud and Kuiper Belt - correct answers comets extremely bright meteor that explodes in the atmosphere - correct answers bolide speed, size and composition - correct answers energy release of impact depends on what? breccia (broken rock fragments), with melted rock and melt dropleys - correct answers simple craters are filled with what? ejecta blanket - correct answers simple craters are surrounded by what? the impactor - correct answers complex craters are much bigger than what? excavation stage, end excavation stage, modification stage, final crater (central peak, multiple rings) - correct answers what are the four stages of complex crater formation? sudden geological changes arise from asteroid strikes and asteroid strikes are common over geological time periods - correct answers comet showmaker levy- prompted what hypothesis? 26-30 million year "extinction" cycles - correct answers what was Raup and Sepkoski's hypothesis? Tunguska (1908) - air blast of an iron-rich asteroid Chelyabinsk (2013) - air blast Curuca River (1930) - air blast - correct answers recent impacts
