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Equilibrium – Complete Chemistry Notes, Study notes of Chemistry

Chemistry

Document Title: Equilibrium – Complete Chemistry Notes Subject: Chemistry Chapter: Equilibrium Course: Class 11 Chemistry / NEET / JEE Preparation Level: Senior Secondary This document contains complete and well-structured notes on the chapter Equilibrium, covering all essential concepts for board exams and competitive exams like NEET & JEE. It explains both physical and chemical equilibrium with formulas, concepts, and problem-solving approaches for quick revision. Contents: • Equilibrium in physical processes • Dynamic nature of equilibrium • Law of mass action • Equilibrium constant (Kc, Kp) • Relation between Kp and Kc • Le Chatelier’s principle • Ionic equilibrium • Acids, bases, pH & pOH • Buffer solutions and solubility product Features: Exam-oriented notes Formula-based revision Easy explanations Important questions included

Typology: Study notes

2024/2025

Available from 06/29/2026

ayush-dev-singh 🇮🇳

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* lineveesieie gent a docempostion ran in eles * Decomposition ren im open cenddiney — L a nly te) SE CaO * rE Cals i > Cady + we | Ens 7 Pst) <2 Peay PUs ig) 2 Pia * 2p az) SZ Mm Fay fs Newhareation ton 4 OB — deedddd @Nexhalzation sa} s8— | won SP ceo + HF Nao + HU > Nal +H,0 Chg eon wnt + one NH,oH | = | fo Hgabolysis salt a Wn + 38 enig e008 + NE # Dissodabion o sh = SB — i eH CoONa i Pr 7 one + on | ddddleldch ‘NaH ge Examples OF _PHYSicaL EQ" © slid = Belt Ee = ie HP. HOw === H.Puy — oer] . fee Goa [eqns atissolved m 120 @ on d asco © spl, ==? solution es sey ey Seeger sol” ¥ imp pons AL en” (for pluzsical ef) , come obsenable prropercty op the aypiem be cendtont SAE eam, ume Oh reactant nd une oh product besom carbdeant. act 4p omy co Kp = Ke >Re Ky < ke He WP PONTS = wk Ke a any 280 22 MOF dezend on cont. or paussune, oh ony oucctent, ee tr pred ot ie abies court, A depends only on dep © a wen savoed te vous a ki, 1s suciprocodtd sn fel 15 ; eri wn fa 6 a nn wetting ot adda , tan Hain eq” . yen mubiplied wp > - 4° ped by ican “nl, tee ex vanateund pre Mined to bth me pee td io) wen = . sO foe ica vspalant gas enubhplied noe to tne _estert_of rin > runes ection pce rum to caryeion { Iu) 27227 rt joven, [frase] 232>[Pudul] op ke 1D 4 means ren procecde by ved * 4p wWe Key ram goes ertuoneed FEW tino, = Ke a equtitrtim Tre . methods jar saving ox” qusstiny Bag + Peay ey, Nyt THe, = AMM aa ° (4ec) Ams tel | ee ee Orel b- Tx 2x | beerh ae ad HP o ara) Pp * eq) tee Sede Se pe Be pee 2HE yy = They * hey ite enol ° <= [alle] = / ileal aan a oe eg) I~ 2x ca x HP? oO uiaHs a oy + “9 © pea ke = Lom) Cen] 7 if epee r a bee) — Gm = = pir et . lhl — tie € Q wg coon, co Hero) Set feet) — | | TC eo aunt ats? thon ° Yolo preswre al og” = t. "7 t. temp Tk POs ’ yO ST * et pace Pets 4 <= Ky “ender “Blas punore oF em” = . ~ ine — ~ _ (A & awoa <= ane t+ a, Fete Oa, Py = FE ‘et TS ee prmunt af €q™ Find vatut 2 eo . " , then, = a cot ee me RSs 73 feat) ROR oe ne “an » y= Lele? Phe Gien, P= (Rt Bee Fh F* - a We oboe kno, f, ee, SP ERHE 3 - Ke = (2)l2xJ™ Ro ne lea = f(s - Ae - a 5 & Geb el 4 woeuld it dicsodode to the orto | ated at om em presen a07. 7 50’ Pay + Geen ° ° = = ee Titak mates obey | (DE tte > area fe 4 Daltton's Low, Pas = noise X Pred pus = oe Te = pel, = ae ic yt, = 4039 Tre “rat motes LIne) ba, hte, 2 hat pNo, = 2x_ xP k= = xt ~ pot = ae ' ators) oy = Hs = % PN2Oq = Cax)p =P (o-8)> = Pl 4 (08) ke = . Set pe (49S we kano, @ 2) x (8) zy (18) Oey” Co ke 4 _ aap CA0-) A = Pls los) 2 ¥ = es G Felow ,. nS . A ey TE igh Vos HF Stel prsstine Ts 60D ming DA toil she Go . 9 a pe Beal value jstee find teitat tome gy Fe? then find Ky 9 Sttume volume ens pouion at gm iS Bod mma : sel” T= euttd 5 Ke will seman same Shey SE Met Yay x. = [Ro] [or] 9) econ oO Fe — Re know, Pag = = eT LSP = ey pry = [rere]? teep) ep rp oP 2, Prey ~ 800 23 ° Ke = Reh = mx 2D Lane 2a [re] | Ay 6en- P ésp~ 25D [he 165] be Qa mots H ets Atscciole a Fup KR in 2b tontainyt and ad eq OB mate of Gy au passed fied tw vel Be? | Hdttaaaadddddddddddedt443444 Ke = BPP cet for rin having Ory = fone or et Ts ha 88 oat bes ew, ke AP A 04 <= 2N0, ,, © Nt th SE one, . oy af Sh, SE 2 Nhs, ” ye » Eu Msi => Ps tye Few — Pus = hos, a My © My Fa St ete, ° ° (ts) 4 oe (hacking eplicn Us) , Q 4-x x xe ed rer) Geo xed N,Q, === 2No, xa 3 S20) let mel - ' = 12 Bs neg Stee . = s = ~ beg) [rx 2% = 2, Wel maby = (eo) + 20 ke = 8) (28) = Be As = lee au = (pas) (P8,) (ps.)? de Frew SEECTING E@uIERIWM vs fuindple — if apoen is sat eg vouclition voll Shift _ San , ot oosad a bakoosd fo minimiige: Ha ig + © dyed en eee. chose Oat Magy NM w we of (jt cog gt | PE some ey bom) CAs === (WD jy Fre t, [aaj? [eac) 4 > OF = tq Tw Uf aye 4 ys t try iy wa tay ed cae af eq”, Hu ehowge in cane oh [Wat tenes ah Oa tone of Inu.) 4 ry Aad fey ewer [oy ees ddddeddddddddddddddds ® Effet of cot oA wd @ ect of pressure — © fet 4 pram en eqn tepals on the type > an = (b) Bng <0 (© bn SO (a) Any o om oy Wg on 2 poy) + en Mee | Wyong 2D, a iervoond He pr x Ho efeel op pususe aa 7 (ucerr) . © Pisg 4 Ce = PUsiay ng ove “r= senstant pr ove (ee 1, Aim eqrt will skip Ino decton soheyg ver rrcles Will deownse erwesd © N204 pq == 2NDr ign 4 On = He “T= centent pt ove “() t jst — » tea ep wlll Shit in a dizedion sajey mcles will decrease hoekwreord SA clolipl is a aubslant which trouons Hat sade san, * A wwlodigh doer -wel atped eq” stale or K (ay cloud) aya aly helps fo odtals pn] TA celolyet nowmsa Ya mab af fiers eA csdolyst con, aly calaluse apendonesus ren. 7 +A eadalysk clues net Spot Aad of oe vn Dy badsiwand an Wy Se Jame © epper of iment gas addition — @ Add" 4 ined ~ af eqm can be dou under two emdisions (0) @ comtard volume + Ne effect we gent (8) ot omtont precsunte + ey = net vee ng =1ve dng = ve ang =D No appet Nyoagy) = 2H | Phacy + Chip = Palas on inetd gas add”, om inet Qo odes Casals 1 ole moles jos + eh hak “es LV frles ee) Se ey egh vill shift ‘mm eclivection Wwhire vanles will invieose egt ashift whew mols will ‘nowase _ fgnerid vas of ef? onsen T HE ep eons feared ming ef mt je sfovowable at high fonp. 2, EE punute “2 uf Ee a a) mmetaliy = mata mo ae 1 Eider 70 one frvew +f, ; : eting ty tes rable i) Goethe (Be =—ve) 4 tmp wineead (>t) YP "Nip a ike peoaate ° fee ey Day a NF Th SSS nly F Mat. What cow tawunable confi ms ‘for ommonia formation (©) Wah temp | love F BY eot , ler _ _» as PB rotwumic (AH = -Ve) Se velut ch ent voustunt v -* plate a foowae Wyk T | gh ot rr ao rent hadeoeord dF log Ty hie Pm dng = ve oe KP ph ot eed +k , Mawihwnic rin ova favourable ox low deenp np aw a OW) Lacie Acid A Bone Teny a 4 Kes = 1) or aste ceitgion Ko = [Hr] fon] = molarity X mofostr oe ny, faa ane > deneys & acs ane em accephrs ps syd on ove Pen sone ; ~ im “tro] on = egy Lr] tin, + om of, fr * P 4 ~ Kn = Me Kus! om P czy US) chase | Ky > 10 sy 4 7 ; . wy = 10 oneal todo Wo = = dog 0") @ Lewis base — _ ° i © Ai anme US, BF, ewe, one, ORO, GH, , RED (¥] [ra] WAN molecutea Mm woluel canted atom hos fone pair NHs HO! ier, at toe soe , cng b=oy , Cnr BH de bedford = Ku Ipe= 7 (© bewis ot — ; ee. | fy) mupe valent molecotes © Ber, , BFZ | As, Beta, Bate ete deg DH" + Beg fore] Avg gy Bi coher © Ret, Fe, Bam SH ete toy H+ (~ tog (orf) = dog 1] en deorbitels) : Mn, cr, Fe, Zn [ow + pos = pes] mos, [ore] gy meclecutes im WKids central atom 1s bendse with highly EN clemenis © — |S nye a vo. 2a pina © at 20% pee one @ A 90% oF swore $ IONIZATION OF WATER © 2 poaeaes t + “i haar Beet a | "E> | P+ SRRRERTION OF pH = 4 soe, sas wast 6 k [Ho] = O4']fon'] “> Hee ’ esc Oe] = wt fe) (For song acid (© der 10H) — HE HBr, HUE , _ er = torn = es Hifoy 1 HEO, , HS0q , NOs tne] = 1 SEP b> seat soy EN inde AE a0% ef tovte [ye] = 5555 qy LK firmer on omer By won vo dove phe = dog De] (For strom bose {NOH , CSW, Batons , Selous » CodH) Gr] = ote [oH] = Normati showy hy hor tor] = om pA) Bey bee wns k= lw Jk = ne xm | ob ose pow = ~ Avg for] od 7 5555 Wwe o were deost, ph = t= pon Me om cay aAiasoci 10 1s endetunmde process. re E. +. + a. mo find tha pl oh e001 M WSOy acl ew fe oning OF Som ACE > + Acid, 9? Adidie sof* ( cut, fev Nga + Vying = TM Nev TON = Ny Vp eye ny Be) ph = —teg EH] OF STON GASE sex, + Bese => Basie sel” (wiv) (uve) Ne Mp TMM ne = NLT Sav = for] uy, AVe pon = ~iog (ow) fe Dste, pho = '4 —peH # row OF STING re TH SONG BASE — ft soko fd + Strong. bee “y t i, sv) (Was) Np Te NY Hava = Ne My WM, 30 WD) Ny <0 ny Np =O Aodie sol" Beste so Newhal sol” fe] = ny [or] = Np punt = lo fon] pt = ~Aeala'] e ’ pil = 14- por se [ 8 Tie aide tovng coldest dud Heed Af the tem ah Wh beg x itm , Me find pan? a) [ow] = = Plage + tog o™] = 3-06 he in equal volumes Tet x! vel pee> tego") = pH=2 and p= 3 ane mixed Hoan find. pl of mricturee pu 2 pe 7 NO tar] = ot N= tnt) 2107 Nv) tN NEM (xe + Wie = Ny) np ier) = WET = ord prez 9 Pras oR, = [2] poe [ss =o Es +034) - fae defrag] [or tied Q Woo so basing ps4 and pH=IO ont mited in equal volume . Find en 4 mirhune 7 , (Bos) p=4 (Aad) ph =e Pow = 14-10 4 blow [er] snes NV — Nava = Ny % (Ww - wv = Hy eye] fr wml . Ste pha values e chon > WO an () > er) J Phunct ia million Himes mere acidic Hi ~ {| eteanct o pres \ r ‘ | (ea)punt = 10 = Ot @ milling s meron (eure © HPQ > HYPDs > HPO, S Sy eso NH SE phict_weak_ base NTO, NHS ae) >to. 3 CHa NH 4 Hen, CutOMy oh x boxes Ky = ext = ex’ 2 sone: B88 => [por = Lk — d hoge [re 4 - sl (st PRE Basie a = 18 xit 2 Find pt oy comm enero OY fa = 18 AID Ka = 49 Ker 4 | se ee gee ge = hen) -4 Logi" H bisounnon tonstany Or PoLvansic Aes .— a GT LH.Pog] + Ka, Hef HyPDy SH POS + He Ld TrsPOx) 2 = poe THe ka, = Cee CHP Od H, POp <= 6 ug fae a +H, ar 1 kay = Gul fnod') “i] “Oi Ke eno + eqr® + OD Ka, >> Ka, >> Kag HE RetaTion eo Ka of _weak acid 2 Ky of tonj- bose 4, 4 mo. yo 4 Fe m0 m ne ea (en bos) ti) = Fey + on Ky =L fow) ke = Grd Ce] & (HF Kx ky = OY x Pex] = = frfow] [rd AFF common ton EFFECT on ionization of 1A er wa Find %e ionization en, OH str acicl is added. int Gon) nen a strong fe WA te ace. 4 Le-chatelion's principle | Hu sian oot ce (H® + a9) Will shift iM backward elireciion . WR_drcwasere “1 ter sominen tom eal oe! =: Ke a Bh O01 eHgc0OH in once 4 om He Hepat eS CMateooh Also find pH. Cie emo + HO leew? freer) clr) oe (cat oi) WR oe pee Soa e 6 —~or oo Ka = (eHsto0] LirJrcus Cows coon) [view exo = (ao) Cex +o.i) & ( vote te) Zima) annie 18 x10-F = +106 o ee] °F or + tog foenteered fe 'f es : . asickieg fal Im =] 2 (©) he . ; [yon b sa aT rune c f | en, RF BR oom cee et lege e001 Soa Ke Rpt i > en Te] ses = ore oS 5 uot H mony ss on 4 se + Nagh = tiyeeona + HOT aes [> basic «] CH; Coon, mots = opel HF Sot huycrotycis att sot haycorolysis , calt Hunel, with wollen fo form aciol X base fos se marour qf muctalisntien poeccess > Mudectais ql ealt ol wp Bsa — Gh Stone , . Kew , qr (>3] eiccechta ELS engtoo + NeDH ¢ est u wee i n Conc + ty Cry teo® SE ron + Oe wos | ° ° or 8 chock x. ele) —¢ Ky = end (er) ewes | h<<F * aka aniomic Auydbaobysis Ky = cht Ky = Ko Ky ole eH < Pho + A ply + L do Lets + L dope (toe? we mwa, iy = [nr] fon] -o —@ hon 0,0, & We HE, oye] = eke and fw] [oH] = Ke (WJ) > kw eke = ky Torr] che ig Noa, fake - Jog en both cides, ‘ " fw] = _Ke hea be = fae + A fog ~ $4] . ve pene ob sate J Wud H = 3+ ipa tlk > [Pattern] or J 1m. PoniTs: of ed WAY se * GH] = ch © LHe) = Pro xke CPR Tt pk Lage Gp Natt MMM, (MH), S04 5 cls Ric | (eu), yO , (Hy, 8nae , o) vee He 4 Cotionie loolysis S elienic ast ay call peotinpalas in hadowlysis, ts ol, Og nw . oe _ F BOTs ievialion seudant of © base (opnden 6 XP. Calculate Sy seme 18 N84 Kore, fing ht Sahn fo make Ws oe in He Ove se woh it is mimd with O01 Naor ® “of min. % ~ Pa Nis + tO se fem) N + meen ise > Guy Sash NioH Se sen (orn) aoe I Praney Gon? + Bi Ky = Glen) oo cline) can ¢ COE Kage TF It Hoo - as 7 —_ Ky ewe 3, 2 Ste kK. = efferp]™ . Jam,fne® ae ame + of | ine (up ° © < “e~ _ x = brane x1’ pa] ox a = rotet [ov] = Ke oor = O01 pon = = 405 ($00) K = Geen] [o © 5 Eso) rt re [Cets) Sidi ] | phe 4 289 = [es] ao] pears] & kK = DCs) bgt ie nd r ea) Grito OHM Het ik waives with Hml of orasm Mant , “find pH. a 40x01 Xt = 4 mq ¢ ; «e CHycaohy on _ = HE — 4 dog G rio) pHs pha — btg® eo are cast Ka = Cx? 2% xs =bx io?) 0 6 a? = 25 x04 S w= 5 x10 2 <0 CHgtooH = cgtoo” ei-0) « Pe}= ex = w2(L\) = wd pH = 4] Ay a aiuhen ealy VE AL of Natt “sol” , the fine pie cs eas is actoles! to Td op OLN HY . oR biaivebad) = WF OF = 10% nly Sen, Ny = NVa > Ne = we = tN = We] ©) 1 = Ne (too) Ny = 104 Aa gL a ae CLM menpbasic acid Is 45 fr (it) ume, 7 4 (14 sie xio® © a (8) 4 x0" > 1 a ne i ‘ Sat p= — tog for] eas we fie 40g = 34 a @ Mixed butpor : aoe oe on_alilutien , or wits eadition Pow cabled eatted beffe ol rena, © Tie a0 yhdch resist chowye in emall amounts 4 acid or atkalt B) * Gupyer su” of, Known pit can be prepewed bike or pk of acid dad by coweotting “the 280 8 sol ond base —— atts od buffet axpund pn Ges. ph =@25) 4g CHs@OH + cHyCOONS ANHyoH Ff oNgee = 7 imple batten 4 4we acts as IMP + © Simple, buffer on sob wR pus Ft pte — hehe SF indaperuch of ene op Sa ads bape Basle batter sph Saponds on a 2 ap Vet hucuimsyy ph <7 5 co oteie a so of (on) + Csabt of, Ws oh wil 38) &, > Chs@OH + Chg cooNa be pho? Matos + Natds Hen! + Nae Ha Py + Nas PO, Cy vas ov boae (Smodt comount) S! hwon + Hook cHAcd SE che + HT + | MtseeoNa —s entgenor + Nat Udhun small consed ah acid ts ode ~ Wht snl amounts ts [HD sete - sc OHR ROR Ly CH ewor +t cwycooH (eas) (Occ Co) (undissociated) (oatdea) ar we ; Basie deffo aI Wo pS + deg Coots] eee 1 cae] = ph 1 97 ee ae col M cixceom 5 PMA crigeson = 489% Sh neate bapger ’ = pKa + tog [sett] n r a Cacia) = 457 + dog St fee ted @ what is te MO (met/t) yas tat IS oem cress FF Ome = (8 I. wg Pree) am 62 10 foe baton H= 634 + doy 92 . *“ Da phos 5-05 [w= outilog (514) Shes) 0 | tudiiog foe) x 1 & a NH SP OI Nan, A etal Nea ho mate fra phi eh MM eal We TSA pow = @ 78 sei, wats eM CH COONS, Rpg. ech seiadip OOM hath Roum NHS «ph SE NK, 678. Basic baie, pon = as + eg (oD = 415403 pou = 508 ja anece 3 [ple ae foe Ss Find HOS pre. 8 pg, boon tysousie (whats) PY 2, © “s exe tev] =10F ie. © « ee ic ma (a = phy — tag (HID [Bas Be a ag | cone de a entilog [4-6] = 108 x coiteg (8-24) w= oe = 10% x aatitog (o-5) . Gor bo) e004 side di otter Ke 26 xP =: ee eens nee ] aa ia Se 1G Codastatt he pH whEN -BomL CIM Nig is teadeal wit aSmt of “See DAM HE. (Whyng =F X10") spk, = 4-94 a = MMs FONG Nt Sm 4 wz o mr pa a = ae S - 7 Basie oe eo op ph = 4-74 1 oy ie ors eS pa heed A —= ) pO = 9g = Ja eee] eres |e Oe i ym Nee Ko Find tae po necsing, gpm ef OFM eHaeoEH wit Goon of LENT gs ome 2Ommcl (Vonscen = 476? = ezccon + wyacH > Bilgtoonla Tho pe ° © f paate bu romet © tommel = pa t =a + pia s36] of ‘ (gopka oh O'S OH ond pre of NsDH we S98 and Ge fil He pt Lop pe sh btm eecooniny 2 Solu Produet Constant +~ (Ke) $n lginacl aa the prostuct of solubility of, iow rained! to the power of thin aetiometrg al ss Kap = aipesion Ay Ky im Hoos fy 8 of following sate ect 4 S077 oe © Cag!) Cee) Bas, a) | 0 F080e —= Ga + Go” Pee er) m6 _ CEB os ce tome es? | My Casto [ey on] (Neer) = eS . an epee] uae | 288025) THe 9 Ep reese = sor, ne as] z “Ea bs os : ms xo | AL =| BR per sen] portale sclved of could trp ’ “es © tt oh a

Equilibrium – Complete Chemistry Notes, Study notes of Chemistry

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Download Equilibrium – Complete Chemistry Notes and more Study notes Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity!