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Ethics Mid-term exam
philosophy - correct answer the love of wisdom ethics - correct answer the study of morality aesthetics - correct answer the study of values in art and beauty amoral - correct answer having indifference towards good and bad, no morals non-moral - correct answer out of the realm of morality reflective - correct answer the idea that people may have traditions but they must evaluate what should be kept or discarded descriptive / prescriptive - correct answer d: the way humans behave, scientific approach p: method that tells how humans should behave Kohlberg theory: level and stages in order (look over what they mean) - correct answer Pre-conventional: Punishment and Obedience Instrumental/Relativist Conventional: Interpersonal Concordance Law and Order Post-Conventional:
Social contract Universal Ethical Principle Consequentialism (teleology - outcome based) - correct answer based on or concerned with consequences Ethical egoism and Utilitarianism Non-consequentialism - correct answer not based upon consequences, on some other moral standard like Kant's Duty ethics and Divine Command Theory ethical egoism - correct answer prescriptive approach humans should act in their own self-interest 3 forms: Individual - "YOU serve in my self-interest" Personal - "I should serve in my own self-interest" Universal - "EVERYONE should act in their own self-interest" Utilitarianism - correct answer seeks to bring about the most good outcomes or ends. concerned with the greater good for all concerned Act Utilitarianism - correct answer Everyone should perform the act that will bring about the most good situations and people differ consider everyone concerned no absolute rules-- exception to every rule Rule Utilitarianism - correct answer Everyone should establish/follow the rule/rules that will bring about the most good
- enough similar human motives,actions, situations to justify establishing -provides guidance and stability
non-consequentialism - correct answer morality of all people actions not judged by consequences morality based on its own moral standard often duty based Act non-consequentialism - correct answer rejects rules or thoughts focuses on unique situations relies on moral feelings/intuitions Rule non-consequentialism - correct answer not based on consequences, based on moral rules intuitionalism - correct answer claims humans have an immediate sense of right or wrong had moral convictions/ideas before formal was invented reason simply used to rationalize our beliefs when reason fails, we have to restart at our "gut instincts" and moral feelings Divine Command Theory - correct answer morality is determined by obedience to moral rules set by supernatural beings ( god(s) ) Duty vs. Inclination - correct answer Kant preferred people be moral from sense of duty rather than inclination to do so. (good/bad neighbor example) Good Will - correct answer a unique human ability "nothing good in and of itself except the Good Will" Will: unique human ability to act in accordance with moral rules, laws, principles
Reason: Human thought/logical ability The categorical imperative - correct answer an act is immoral if it can not be made into a rule that can apply to everything. no exceptions universalible - correct answer can it be made into a rule that applies to everything practical imperative - correct answer no human being can be used as a means to someone else's end. Each human being is unique, morally speaking Reversibility Criterion - correct answer If the action were reversed, would i want it done to me? Prima Facie Duties - correct answer A deontological ethical system created by Sir William David Ross, meaning "first glace" duties fidelity reparation gratitude justice beneficence self-improvement nonmaleficence
- always act in accord with the strongest duty
- always act in such a way as to achieve the greatest amount of prima facie rightness over wrongness Problems with Kant's duty ethics - correct answer 1. consistency (conflicting duties) how do you resolve conflicts between absolute duties?
- questionable moral rules universable? what if kant's formula = immoral rule
Junzi - correct answer superior person-- cultivated individual -- wise dao - correct answer the way --- of ultimate reality Confucian Cardinal realtionships - correct answer Ruler and subject Father and Son Husband and Wife Elder brother and Younger brother Friend and friend Laissez-faire - correct answer "let the people do what they want" referring to free market competition prejudice - correct answer the prejudgement of someone before one has ever encountered them discrimination - correct answer to differentiate among people in a prejudiced way when hiring, promoting, or firing them affirmative action - correct answer describes process by which society seeks to avoid future discrimination, including employment reverse discrimination - correct answer the plight of some who have been disadvantaged by the start of affirmative action programs sexual harassment - correct answer unwanted sexual advances and or/visual, verbal, or physical conduct of sexual nature moral relativism - correct answer the view that there are many standards of morality, not just one
moral absolutism - correct answer believes that basic truths about the nature of right and wrong can be defined objectively Primacy of business vs environment - correct answer b: Business's ethical responsibilities to the environment begin and end within their business dealings e: business must be fully accountable and financially liable for the total impact of their operations Confucius - correct answer founding father of Chinese philosophy - virtue ethics, focused on relationships Mengzi (menges) - correct answer people are good Xunzi - correct answer people are bad Alasdair MacIntyre - correct answer modern virtue ethics -- moral feelings are important for virtue ethics proper mean - correct answer It cannot be determined mathematically. mean is relative to us, to whoever is trying to determine the right thing to do
