Everything Is an Argument: Chapter 1 Notes, Study notes of Business

Rogerian Argument – finding common ground and establishing trust with those who disagree. (approaching audience in non-threatening way).

Typology: Study notes

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Dr. Carroll 1
Ex:
Reports
“should I or
shouldn’t I…”
Invitational Argument invites others to explore or
“enter a space of mutual regard” (not aiming to win).
Rogerian Argument finding common ground and establishing
trust with those who disagree
(approaching audience in non-threatening way)
An argument’s effectiveness depends on:
The purposes
The context surrounding the plea
The people it seeks most directly to reach
5 Purposes of Argument
1. To Inform
communicates something to an audience they didn’t know
brings recognition to someone or something
2. To Convince
satisfy readers (rather than win out]with knowing the issue was thoroughly examined
and that it merits serious attention
3. To Explore
often not an opponent
maybe e deeply personal
addresses serious problems in society
4. To Make Decisions
examining the pros and cons
5. To Meditate or Pray
hoping to transforms something in him- or herself or to reach a state of equilibrium or
peace of mind
Argument
Persuasion
Pursuit of truth
Seeking conviction
To change a point of view
[due to conviction]; to take
action
Ex:
Signs
Posters
Announcements
“what might
happen if…”
pf3
pf4

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Ex: Reports

“should I or shouldn’t I…”

Invitational Argument – invites others to explore or

“enter a space of mutual regard” (not aiming to win).

Rogerian Argument – finding common ground and establishing

trust with those who disagree

(approaching audience in non-threatening way)

An argument’s effectiveness depends on:

 The purposes  The context surrounding the plea  The people it seeks most directly to reach

5 Purposes of Argument

1. To Inform  communicates something to an audience they didn’t know  brings recognition to someone or something 2. To Convince  satisfy readers (rather than win out]with knowing the issue was thoroughly examined and that it merits serious attention 3. To Explore  often not an opponent  maybe e deeply personal  addresses serious problems in society 4. To Make Decisions  examining the pros and cons 5. To Meditate or Pray  hoping to transforms something in him- or herself or to reach a state of equilibrium or peace of mind

Argument Persuasion

Pursuit of truth Seeking conviction

To change a point of view [due to conviction]; to take action

Ex: Signs Posters Announcements

“what might happen if…”

Occasions for Argument

Aristotle classified purposes of argument

based on TIME – past, present, and future.

Arguments about the PAST – Forensic Arguments

 what happened cases (business, government, academia)  rely on evidence and testimony, precedents, and analysis of cause and effect  arguments about history (Columbus…1492?)  allusions = effective tool

Arguments about the FUTURE – Deliberative Arguments

 What will or should happen? (i.e. should homosexuals be allowed to marry?)

 rely on prior forensic arguments

 draw on evidence and testimony

 advance by means of projections, extrapolations, and reasoned guesses

Arguments about the PRESENT – Ceremonial Arguments

 regard contemporary values (ethical premises and assumptions)  heard at public gatherings (sermons, eulogies, grad speeches, inaugural address)  should be passionate and eloquent…rich in anecdotes and examples

KINDS of Arguments

Status/STASIS

Stasis Theory – a series of questions to examine legal cases (help determine point of contention, where to focus energy to build a case)

Questions: Did something happen? What is its nature? What is its quality? What actions should be taken?

Rhetorical Dynamic

Topic/Message

(logical)

CONTEXT

Audience/Readers Speaker/Writer

(pathos) (ethos)

Claim – the point that is being made…all arguments have a claim

Functions/How they work:

 definition – explains what something means

 value – judges some quality

 cause – linked to “effect” w/reasons for it

 policy – suggests particular course of action