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LS15 UCLA FINAL EXAM STUDYGUIDE
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ANSWERS
what is a big impediment to kindness (from a biological perspective) Correct Answer freeloaders; you are very vulnerable (from a fitness perspective) when you do something kind for someone else. A cheater can take the favor and run - > market share of cheater's genes increases and market share of altruist's genes decreases. effective altruists can remember cheaters what are some design features we'd expect to see in the human brain? what skills should we be good at? Correct Answer 1. good at recognizing faces
- good at keeping track of cheaters
- voracious consumers of information why are our brains so good at keeping track of social information? Correct Answer our brains were built for a world in which we encountered only a small number of people and may have needed to remember all of them/use all of them later. what makes reciprocal altruism possible Correct Answer humans recognize faces, keep track of kindness/selfishness, and live for a long time
in what ways can you enhance cooperation Correct Answer tinker with the perceived costs and benefits:
- reduce the perceived cost to the other person
- accentuate the benefit that you'll receive from the cooperation
- facilitate the building of reputations
- use honest signals that can't be fakes
- keep track of and punish cheaters
- make the first step; gifts (reduce the perceived vulnerability of partner) bees and ants example (altruism) Correct Answer haploid (dad) and diploid (mom); get all of father's genes/only half of mother's genes mom-> daughter r =. female - > sister r=. naked mole rat example (altruism) Correct Answer queen and non-reproductive workers so much incest over hundreds of generations that r= what happens when r is really large Correct Answer cooperation becomes extreme fetus and mother example (cooperation) Correct Answer fetus pumps out hormone (hPL) that dilates mother's blood vessels which gives the fetus more food. the mother increases insulin production which removes food from the bloodstream. gestational diabetes occurs if mother can't mount sufficient response to the fetus's manipulation
???? Correct Answer "short tandem repeats" repeating units 4-5 nucleotides long. for an STR locus, many alleles exist within the population, but each individual can only have 2 of them comparing STR loci Correct Answer choose 6 features for which individuals vary a lot, then compare DNA sample for those 6 features how to create a DNA fingerprint Correct Answer 1. the DNA fragment containing each STR region is amplified using PCR. this results in huge numbers of those fragments
- the fragments are separated by size, using electrophoresis what do the bands represent in electrophoresis Correct Answer repeating sequence probably in a noncoding region of the DNA. that the DNA has been cleaved on either side of the repeating section, the STR locus, and that it has been migrated down a gel and the distance it has gone is based on how long it is (how many repeats are in it), and it moved because DNA is charged, and then it's visualized by having some radioactive marker that has the parallel pattern to the DNA there so it can bind to it, matches up with it. difficulties and controversies of DNA fingerprinting Correct Answer 1. overlap of STR's
- how many STR's should we compare
- how likely is a match
- scientific illiteracy; can juries understand this evolutionary change as a result of natural selection does NOT always lead to: Correct Answer increased reproductive success; environment could change and the organisms may take a while to adapt which mechanism of evolution consistently decreases the total genetic variation in a population Correct Answer directional selection anecdotal evidence: Correct Answer can seem to reveal links between two phenomena even though the links do not actually exist what does the experiment where we only let the "best" flies reproduce, in context of time lived without food, after 60 generations Correct Answer species are not immutable(unchanging); we can watch them change in nature or even cause them to change what is evolution Correct Answer a gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form. "a change in allele frequencies overtime within a population" gene Correct Answer section of DNA instructing how to produce a trait allele Correct Answer one variant of a gene (several may exist)
how does evolution occur? (4) Correct Answer 1. mutation
- gene flow
- genetic drift
- natural selection mutation Correct Answer a direct alteration of DNA so that one allele is changed to another (cause of variation) gene flow Correct Answer within a population some individuals leave, or new individuals arrive, thus changing the overall allele frequencies genetic drift Correct Answer a random change in allele frequencies not due to selection (sampling error; a group not representative of the rest of the population) natural selection Correct Answer includes artificial selection, sexual selection, directional selection sexual selection Correct Answer traits that will attract females to mate with the organism are favored, even if they are maladaptive for survival (tradeoffs) costly traits Correct Answer behaviors that decrease the probability of survival but increase the likelihood of attracting a mate and obtaining matings is there a human nature? Correct Answer if you show someone a snake, it is the same physiological response (sweaty, increased heart rate) in all countries in all cultures.
if you show someone a gun: there is no response in babies, and in many cultures there is no response where does culture come in in relation to human nature Correct Answer culture modifies our innate fear and capitalizes on our big brain's ability to alter the program. the human brain is not a blank slate; some feelings and behaviors don't need to be learned norm of reactions Correct Answer the set of all phenotypic expressions possible for a given genotype if raised under all possible different environmental conditions what does the norm of reaction describe Correct Answer the interaction between nature and nurture in producing phenotypes; how the environment affects phenotypic expression what would a genetic determinist predict a norm of reaction would look like? Correct Answer stabilizing selection Correct Answer when natural selection eliminates anything on the tail ends of the distribution genome Correct Answer all of an organisms genetic material how many chromosomes in genome? Correct Answer 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs
shared genes (altruism) Correct Answer because allele X in you causes you to act in such way that you increase the reproductive success of other individuals that carry allele X; kin selection altruism Correct Answer kin selection Correct Answer reciprocity Correct Answer because allele Y in you causes you to help other people who will return the favor, thereby benefitting allele Y (allele Y buffers itself from an uncertain future by storing goodwill in others); reciprocal altruism reciprocal altruism Correct Answer direct fitness Correct Answer increase the number of offspring i produce; allele that increases fertility, status, desirability to opposite sex indirect fitness Correct Answer increase the number of offspring my kin have; they also carry many of my alleles inclusive fitness Correct Answer direct fitness + indirect fitness what is Hamilton's equation of relatedness? Correct Answer Br>C (benefit to relative)(coefficient of relatedness) > cost to me
Belding's ground squirrels Correct Answer yell when a predator approaches (sometimes) and hide when they hear a yell (always). 50% of squirrels killed by predator are the ones yelling. adult females making most of the calls compare to the other males and females in the population; the more kin she has nearby, the more she will act altruistically. what is r for identical twins Correct Answer 1; same genome spatial association Correct Answer treat those around you as kin phenotype matching Correct Answer those who resemble you as kin what happens if you move an old female ground squirrel to a new population of squirrels? Correct Answer still makes alarm calls even though it is maladaptive what is the transplanted squirrel an example of? Correct Answer mismatch what does it mean to say that genes code for behavioral "rules of thumb" Correct Answer infanticide Correct Answer children in step-families injured or killed more frequently than those living with their biological parents
- we make predictions (based on the hypotheses)
- we devise and carry out experiments (to test the hypotheses and alternatives)
- we draw conclusions, modify hypotheses, (and continue the process) what does scientific thinking do? Correct Answer scientific thinking illuminates situations in which we should change what we think what is at the core of scientific thinking? Correct Answer the ability to imagine a "critical experiment" how can you increase your experiment's power? Correct Answer 1. randomize subjects across control and experimental groups
- control your study
- use a double blind design which experimental tests are better? those done in lab, or in the real world? Correct Answer the better controlled an experiment is, the more confidence we should have in its results. however, as experiments are better controlled they often are poorer models of the situation of interest (less generalizable) pseudoscience Correct Answer presenting information that is not true, or was not achieved through true scientific thinking/experiments
anecdotes Correct Answer when we are overly biased on careful study and/or not representative of the norm; the "vaccines cause autism" idea pseudoscience capitalizes on the belief that: Correct Answer scientific thinking is a powerful method for learning about the world, and therefore people are likely to believe pseudoscience even if it is not true the regeneration of skin cells after a laceration may be attributed to Correct Answer mitosis individuals that have the same genotype for a given trait: Correct Answer can have different phenotypes for that trait; environment and norm of reactivity when gametes are produced through meiosis, each sperm or egg generally ends up with: Correct Answer exactly one copy of each autosome as predator and prey species coevolve, they are constantly engaged in an evolutionary struggle. This is an example of: Correct Answer the fact that a population's environment may be changing continuously breeders creating breeds of dogs with smaller and smaller body size are conducting: Correct Answer directional and natural selection; remember that artificial selection is a subtype of natural selection
unsaturated fats Correct Answer have double bonds, more reactive, liquid at room temp, (what we want to eat) how does evolution play a role in fat consumption Correct Answer evolution has shaped our food preferences, making us love energetically rich fats carbohydrates Correct Answer type of macromolecule. carbons bonded to OH macromolecules Correct Answer lipids = energy storage carbohydrates = fuel proteins = construction monosaccharides Correct Answer simple sugars that cannot be broken down into into further sugars. fast energy, readily available ex. glucose polysaccharides Correct Answer larger sugars that can be broken into monosaccharides. slow, long release, more energy ex. starch proteins Correct Answer type of macromolecule for construction made of amino acids. carbon in the middle, combined to a carboxyl group, an amino group(has N in it), and R (functional group form 20 different amino acids)
purpose of proteins Correct Answer cells and tissues are primarily built from proteins, sequences of amino acids how does a hypothesis differ form a theory or a prediction Correct Answer with more and more evidence supporting a hypothesis, do you eventually prove it to be true? Correct Answer how does sex determination differ among species (bees, humans, etc. ) Correct Answer what is a calorie Correct Answer energy required to raise 1g of water by 1 degree celsius basal metabolic rate (BMR) Correct Answer energy expenditure needed to keep resting animal alive. it depends on size and species digestion outline Correct Answer 1. mouth
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine mouth function (2) Correct Answer 1. mash up food
- partially digest starch; alpha amylase stomach function (3) Correct Answer 1. more food mashing
- start protein digestion; HCl, pepsin
- secrete acid: denatures protein, kills bacteria
vitamins Correct Answer necessary organic molecules that help as cofactors with enzymes: fat soluble: A, D, E, K water soluble: B, C vitamin A Correct Answer precursor to eye pigment Vitamin D Correct Answer calcium absorption vitamin E Correct Answer antioxidant function vitamin K Correct Answer blood clotting vitamin B Correct Answer co-enzymes in metabolism vitamin C Correct Answer collagen formation protection from oxidative damage minerals Correct Answer necessary mineral elements (inorganic) calcium Correct Answer nerve propagation phoshorous Correct Answer ATP K, Na, Cl Correct Answer action potentials what happens when you take a lot of vitamins Correct Answer you need them up to a certain point and then they don't work beyond that
what happens when you have too many vitamins? Correct Answer if water soluble: pee them out if fat soluble: get stored in fat in excess amounts (with excess minerals could lead to liver damage) excess vitamin A Correct Answer leads to hair loss in men excess vitamin D Correct Answer lead to growth retardation hormones Correct Answer regulators secreted by glands that alter gene function in a target cell somewhere else in the body; chemical signals secreted into body fluids that elicit specific responses in target cell what secretes hormones? Correct Answer pineal: melatonin hypothalamus: oxytocin pituitary adrenal: adrenaline, cortisol pancreas: insulin ovaries: estrogens, progesterone testes: androgens cortisol Correct Answer secreted by adrenal gland
- makes glucose available (from non-carbs)
- acts on skeletal muscles (break down protein)
- high dose suppresses immune system a bit Fight or flight response needs a lot of glucose Humans live in stress; get sick more, ulcers
