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Evolutionary Relationships and Classification, Exams of Biology

West Virginia University (WVU)Biology

Various concepts related to evolutionary relationships and classification of organisms. It covers topics such as the scientific method, homologies and homoplasies, selection pressures, and the classification systems proposed by scientists like carolus linnaeus. Insights into how biologists make observations, formulate hypotheses, and conduct experiments to understand the evolutionary history and relationships between different species. It also highlights the importance of considering both genetic and morphological data when making inferences about the evolutionary connections between organisms. Overall, this document offers a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles and practices involved in the study of evolutionary biology and taxonomy.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 10/12/2024

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Bio 200 Lab Quizzes Solved 2024
A control treatment is a condition where -- - ANSWER-the independent variable is either
eliminated or set to a standard value
A graph plotting the data is called a -- - ANSWER-histogram
any info gathered through inductive reasoning has --- - ANSWER-a level of uncertainty
any info gathered through observations & experiments is known as - ANSWER-
inductive reasoning
Biologists use the word --- to say how good a particular individual is at producing
offspring - ANSWER-fitness
Can this be answered with a scientific inquiry?
Do blondes make better dance partners? - ANSWER-no
Can this be answered with a scientific inquiry?
What is the cause of polio? - ANSWER-yes
Can this be answered with a scientific inquiry?
When will your plum tree produce ripe fruit? - ANSWER-yes
Can this be answered with a scientific inquiry?
Why do bad things sometimes happen to good people? - ANSWER-no
(what's bad? what's good?)
Carl Woese was analyzing --- - ANSWER-invisible traits, namely DNA sequences.
He compared sequences from a gene for ribosomal RNA across many species
Circle represents - ANSWER-trait evolves
controls in an experiment - ANSWER-something that you can compare experiment to
Covergent evolution - ANSWER-when a derived trait evolves independently in two
lineages
**usually appears via diff pathways in the two species and close examination of the trait
will show that covergence is at work
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Bio 200 Lab Quizzes Solved 2024

A control treatment is a condition where -- - ANSWER-the independent variable is either eliminated or set to a standard value A graph plotting the data is called a -- - ANSWER-histogram any info gathered through inductive reasoning has --- - ANSWER-a level of uncertainty any info gathered through observations & experiments is known as - ANSWER- inductive reasoning Biologists use the word --- to say how good a particular individual is at producing offspring - ANSWER-fitness Can this be answered with a scientific inquiry? Do blondes make better dance partners? - ANSWER-no Can this be answered with a scientific inquiry? What is the cause of polio? - ANSWER-yes Can this be answered with a scientific inquiry? When will your plum tree produce ripe fruit? - ANSWER-yes Can this be answered with a scientific inquiry? Why do bad things sometimes happen to good people? - ANSWER-no (what's bad? what's good?) Carl Woese was analyzing --- - ANSWER-invisible traits, namely DNA sequences. He compared sequences from a gene for ribosomal RNA across many species Circle represents - ANSWER-trait evolves controls in an experiment - ANSWER-something that you can compare experiment to Covergent evolution - ANSWER-when a derived trait evolves independently in two lineages **usually appears via diff pathways in the two species and close examination of the trait will show that covergence is at work

Dependent variables - ANSWER-things that are expected to change in response to variation in independent variables dependent variables ** - ANSWER-results depend on independent variables Describe the scientific method & if reject... - ANSWER--Make observations -Ask questions -Check accumulated scientific data -Formulate hypothesis -run multiple controlled experiments -make conclusions and accept of reject orig hypothesis -report findings **if reject.. formulate new hypothesis Disruptive selection - ANSWER-both extremes have high survival, while mean phenotypes have low survival -mean doesn't change DNA provided an historical record of --- - ANSWER-it's evolution Do homoplasies help systematists make natural classifications? - ANSWER-no Domain archaea includes all - ANSWER-of the ancient bacteria Domain bacteria includes the --- - ANSWER-true bacteria Domain Eukarya includes all the organisms within the four eukaryotic kingdoms --- - ANSWER-Animalia, Plantae, Protista, and Fungi Ernest Haeckl proposed creating a third kingdom called --- - ANSWER-Protista Ex: Stair climbing for cows, chicken and zebras indpt- dependt- - ANSWER-indpt- species dependent- rate of stair climbing Forms of selection - ANSWER-Directional Stabilizing Disruptive no selection

In Directional selection - ANSWER-one extreme phenotype has a high survival, one has a low survival *the average phenotype for the population is changing In Stabilizing selection - ANSWER-both types of extremes have low survival and average type is selected for keeps population the same and maintains the mean phenotype In the Linnaeus system, species that share many characteristics are grouped together in the same --- - ANSWER-genus Independent variables - ANSWER-variables that cause changes in dependent variables Independent variables - ANSWER-you manipulate to see effects Indicate the control for : The dose of penicillin that is most effective at combating strep throat - ANSWER- control: normal dose Indicate the control for : The effect of carbohydrate loading on running performance - ANSWER-no carbohydrates Individuals with selected traits have --- - ANSWER-higher rates of survival and/ or reproduction Instead of scientists saying "proves true" they say - ANSWER-they say that the data support the hypothesis Is there a perfect account of species relationships? - ANSWER-No-we haven't been around to watch evolve. Lab 2 - ANSWER----- Lab 7 - ANSWER-**** Lab quiz #1 - ANSWER------ Linnaeus published the most influential classification scheme ever written in the book --

  • ANSWER-Systema Naturae Microbes present a more complex situation...many species of microbes can - ANSWER- pass on genetic info not just to their progeny, but also to individuals in the same population or even to members of other species

New Knowledge is actually an accumulation of -- - ANSWER-evidence in support of hypotheses One of the earliest well-known classifiers of nature was - ANSWER-Carolus Linnaeus Originally biologists recognized just two kingdoms, -- and --- - ANSWER-Plantae Animalia Phenograms - ANSWER-Diagrams that show similarities based on superficial or arbitrary attributes Phylogenies - ANSWER-tree diagrams based on homologous traits ---> only trees considered to show the path of evolution plesiomorphies are --- - ANSWER-traits that are unshared and ancestral related genera are grouped together in the same -- - ANSWER-family Reversals - ANSWER-lead to homoplasies when a group of organisms develops a derived trait, but a member of that group reverts to the ancestral trait Scientific "facts" are always regarded with a certain level of --- - ANSWER-skepticism rather than the absolute truth scientific knowledge gained through the process of scientific investigation is based on - ANSWER-generalizations & conclusions drawn from specific observations and experiments Scientific knowledge is knowledge that can be proven --- - ANSWER-can be proven false Scientists avoid saying that an investigation ---- - ANSWER-proves a hypothesis true, recognizing the level of uncertainty involved in inductive reasoning Selected individuals have higher - ANSWER-fitness selection differential - ANSWER-survival mean - original mean square represents - ANSWER-reversal Standardized variables - ANSWER-held constant for all subjects in an experiment **keep things the same so that it doesn't affect experiment (ex: the same weather during experiments) synapomorphies are --- - ANSWER-traits that are shared and derived

  1. Mantle Collar
  2. Rectum
  3. Gills
  4. Absence of a lung What are the 5 main challenges to living on land? - ANSWER-1) Body dries out ---> Desiccation 2)Gravity collapses large organisms
  5. Exchange of respiratory gases suited for water
  6. Gametes dry out / may not disperse properly
  7. Senses are suited to water, not to air What are the two main ways scientists accurately describe selection? - ANSWER- Describing the form of selection measuring the intensity, or strength of a particular selective event What do the most scientific phenograms use - ANSWER-dichotomous branching What facilitates a conditional basis, recognizing that some future technology, experiment, or other info may facilitate it? - ANSWER-the scientific method What is a dichotomous tree? - ANSWER-each branch is split between two groups and each branch ends with a single unique item What is the big question facing a systematist who is interested in traits that indicate shared ancestry? - ANSWER-How do you determine which traits are from a common ancestor? What scientific investigation does not involve hypothesis testing? - ANSWER- observation and comparison What was the fifth kingdom added - ANSWER-Fungi When a phenogram is made of a group of organisms, does it always reflect natural classification? - ANSWER-It may and it may not- depends on if the attributes reflect shared ancestry or not When an advantageous trait spreads in a population, we say that this trait is --- - ANSWER-selected When microbes pass on genetic info not just to their progeny, but also to individuals in the same population or even to members of other species -> this is called ---- or --- - ANSWER-horizontal transfer or lateral tranfer When microbes were first identified, they were assigned to --- - ANSWER-one of Plantae or Animalia

when we accept a hypothesis as "true" we do so on --- - ANSWER-a conditional basis, recognizing that some future technology, experiment, or other info may falsify it When we examine the method of scientific inquiry closely, it is clear then that a single experiment can prove a hypothesis --- - ANSWER-false When we prove a hypothesis false, we say that we --- it - ANSWER-falsify or refute While ---- can only be made using homologous traits, ---- can be made using either homologies or homoplasies - ANSWER-While phylogenies can only be made using homologous traits, phenograms can be made using either homologies or homoplasies While all ---- are ----, all --- are not ---- - ANSWER-While all phylogenies are phenograms, all phenograms are not phylogenies Why does anyone ever make phenograms? - ANSWER-genetic data may not be avaliable Why is replication and sample size important? - ANSWER-The more of both, the more accurate Within the protista kingdom were placed --- - ANSWER-unicellular organisms Wobes found that most of the sequence diversity occurred within --- - ANSWER- microbes Wose created a classification system that featured all three domains called -- - ANSWER-Bacteria Archea Eukarya