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EXAC (SECTION 1) ALL THEMES STUDY GUIDE, Exams of Social Sciences

United States International UniversitySocial Sciences

EXAC (SECTION 1) ALL THEMES STUDY GUIDE

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 12/11/2025

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EXAC (SECTION 1) ALL THEMES STUDY GUIDE
Components of an Architecture Program - Answer -The USERS of the proposed
building and their work activities, including:
-Function by function, room by room, or department by
department activity plans;
-Staffing plans;
-Equipment and storage requirements;
The VOLUME of activity planned for specific facility components, such as:
-flow patterns.
Factors influencing cost - Answer -• Economical and Political
• Functional Programming
• Economical and Political
• Type of Construction Project Delivery
• Building Type/Design
• Characteristics of Owner/Client
• Owners Responsibilities and Timetable
• Other factors:
-Planning regulations, Site development agreement conditions, Onerous bureaucratic
requirements, Hazardous demolition
Describe the physical, cultural and
regulatory factors related to site planning - Answer -- buildings respond to socio-
cultural, economic and political needs
- natural and built environment constraints/offer opportunities for a development
- responsive design respects the indigenous qualities of a place (form/layout of a
building adapts to landscape/sun path/climate)
Main Properties of Structural System - Answer --exterior envelope
-substructure
-interior subdivisions
Describe the Process in DEVELOPING an Architecture Program - Answer -• Describe
clients philosophy, vision and goals
• Describe the services
• Identify how the services will be delivered and/or operational
characteristics
• Identify activities, workload
• Identify the number of people and/or staff required to provide
the services and all other occupants
• Identify major equipment
• Identify relationships between spaces or groups of spaces
• Prepare detailed space requirements
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EXAC (SECTION 1) ALL THEMES STUDY GUIDE

Components of an Architecture Program - Answer - The USERS of the proposed building and their work activities, including:

  • Function by function, room by room, or department by department activity plans;
  • Staffing plans;
  • Equipment and storage requirements; The VOLUME of activity planned for specific facility components, such as:
  • flow patterns. Factors influencing cost - Answer - • Economical and Political
  • Functional Programming
  • Economical and Political
  • Type of Construction Project Delivery
  • Building Type/Design
  • Characteristics of Owner/Client
  • Owners Responsibilities and Timetable
  • Other factors:
  • Planning regulations, Site development agreement conditions, Onerous bureaucratic requirements, Hazardous demolition Describe the physical, cultural and regulatory factors related to site planning - Answer -- buildings respond to socio- cultural, economic and political needs
  • natural and built environment constraints/offer opportunities for a development
  • responsive design respects the indigenous qualities of a place (form/layout of a building adapts to landscape/sun path/climate) Main Properties of Structural System - Answer --exterior envelope
  • substructure
  • interior subdivisions Describe the Process in DEVELOPING an Architecture Program - Answer - • Describe clients philosophy, vision and goals
  • Describe the services
  • Identify how the services will be delivered and/or operational characteristics
  • Identify activities, workload
  • Identify the number of people and/or staff required to provide the services and all other occupants
  • Identify major equipment
  • Identify relationships between spaces or groups of spaces
  • Prepare detailed space requirements
  • a grossing factor multiplier as per the type of user. Additionally a functional program may include:
  • Overall project implementation schedule
  • Preliminary financial information and budgets
  • Project delivery method
  • Site evaluation Strategies to review/evaluate/implement a client's budget - Answer --prepare a construction cost estimate (never guarantee or warranty or it will void liability insurance-)
  • establish a cost limit (budget limit)
  • develop a cost plan first one during SD phase, and them multiple checks throughout DD & CD phases until Bid/Contract is awarded Site Analysis Items to Consider - Answer -- GROUND SLOPES and subsoil conditions of a site are required in order to locate areas suitable for construction/outdoor activities/drainage fields
  • Map out existing trees, native plants. Wetlands, streams, watersheds, floodplains etc. to see which of these can be preserved
  • Possible CIRCULATION PATHS for pedestrians and vehicles (and possible entrances) should be studied through site analysis of flows throughout and around the site o IDENTIFY desirable VIEWS/objectionable views o IDENTIFY potential sources of CONGESTION/NOISE o Consider existing SCALE/character of neighborhood in relation to the proposed development o PROXIMITY to public/commercial/medical/recreational facilities Substructure - Answer - foundation-provides support and anchor to the superstructure and transmit the loads safely to the earth. Analyze the program regarding the site components. - Answer - Site dependent. The site characteristics can affect the building type (topography, soil conditions, bylaw restraints etc.) 6 Methods of Cost Estimating - Answer --forecasting based on historical data
  • classes of Cost Estimates Class A,B,C,D
  • Elemental Cost
  • Area Method
  • Volume Method
  • Unit Method Urban design issues and planning processes that
  • Program requirements- ie. facyory or hospital
  • Fire Protection- code and bylaw requirements Formulate a building siting solution given a specific site, selected physical factors and design criteria. - Answer --figure out allowable building capacity
  • minimize disturbances to existing landforms/features (natural drainage, cut/fill, wetlands, flood plains)
  • properly drained site (minimize leakage in basement)
  • elevating building on poles or piers avoiding natural terrain
  • cutting structure into slope
  • terracing, stepping, retainings walls
  • sun shading (south facing overhangs)
  • evergreen (windbreak, glare, heat retention) Analyze the program regarding the proposed budget. - Answer - Use the estimated gross area of the building to estimate the capital cost. The net and gross areas can be broken out to examine comparisons to capital budgets and gross building cost per/sf. Compare the program with the client's objectives. - Answer - Does it identify the clients philosophy, values, goals, and services to provide a foundation for the purpose of the proposed building. Explain the principles of grading and storm water management as they apply to site design. - Answer --development interupts existing drainage patterns
  • excess water decreases load bearing capacity (increase hydrostatic pressure)
  • subsurface draining
  • surface draining
  • finish grading away from building Properties of the electrical system - Answer --The Service Connection
  • The Meter
  • Transformer
  • Service Switch
  • Main Switchboard
  • Panel boards Describe the principles of sustainable development. - Answer --SITING AND BUILDING FORM/ ORIENTATION
  • ENERGY PERFORMANCE
  • OPERATIONAL SYSTEM - ie. Parking, loading, transportation, storage, and occupant amenitites.
  • SPACE AND USE PERIMETERS- flexible or adaptable interior environments

Describe the relationship between energy consumption and site design - Answer --Sun advantages by orientation, form, location (thermal, utility, and psychological)

  • radiate heat is to be balance depending on latitude
  • Passive solar heating- south facing exposure and thermal mass
  • types of shading devices
  • daylighting
  • larger/ higher windows
  • recommended forms of building for type of climatic region Types of electrical systems - Answer --lighting
  • electrical supply
  • distribution
  • fire system
  • security
  • communications Properties of Civil Engineering - Answer --DSSP (Development Site Servicing Plan)
  • Sewer, water, gas, electrical, finished grades, main floor elevation, adjacent roadways, back of walk, top of curb, center of road Describe impacts of universal accessibility as it applies to site design - Answer - •Curb ramps required wherever an accessible route crosses a curb •Avoid surface irregularities which can impede wheelchair traffic •Tactile warning strips required at grade changes/hazardous areas for visually impaired •Surface ramps should be stable, firm and slip resistant •Returned curbs allowable where pedestrians would not normally walk across a ramp •1220mm minimum required from top of ramp to nearest obstruction •1100mm minimum width of pathway •1:12 maximum ramp slope a •Number of accessible parking spaces required by building code •Accessible parking stalls required Identify optimal site design - Answer - Optimal site design impacts the sustainable development of the program, budget, space requirements, configuration and building orientation 1.1 Understand the process for the preparation of an architectural program. - Answer - • What is the nature and scope of the problem?
  • What information is required to develop a proper architectural solution to the problem?
  • How much and what type of space is needed?
  • What space will be needed in the future to continue to operate efficiently? Accessible parking stalls are required to be? - Answer --As close as facility entrance as possible
  • 1:50 maximum slope for space and access aisle
  • 4m wide in City of Calgary Land Use Bylaw(Calgary does not --
  • Setting standard formats for documentation (primarily in working drawings) Minimum width of pathway for a barrier free accessibility? - Answer - 1100mm Keys stages for Engineering Coordination to occur - Answer - Pre Schematic phase Schematic Design phase Design Development
    • Structural review for code and regulations
    • Mech and Elec to contact local utilities to confirm service connections Confirm public and utility regulations are reviewed Confirm structural system integration with M&E space r requirements Prepare estimates on operating costs of systems Construction Documents Contract Administration CLASS D - Method of Cost Estimating - Answer --based on FUNCTIONAL PROGRAM and HISTORICAL DATA, adjusted to take into account inflation, location, risk, quality, size and project timing (prepared prior to commencement of design (functional programming) phase) Identify the information required for design development, given specific conditions. - Answer --Program
  • Functional space diagrams
  • Site data (Geotechnical report, Local Authority Regulations)
  • Budget
  • Site plan
  • Floor plans
  • Sections
  • Elevations
  • Models and Renders
  • Plan efficiencies - Net to Gross ratios
  • Equipment descriptions
  • Estimated system construction cost from each consultant
  • Written authorization to proceed to CD phase from client and funding agency where applicable During the SD phase, architect and client agree on an architectural concepts representing: - Answer -- Nature of the site
  • Space planning requirements described in functional program
  • Self image/philosophical objectives of the client
  • Design approach of the architect
  • Discuss/confirm key issues of the project
  • Agree on architectural form

CLASS C - Method of Cost Estimating - Answer --based on type of construction/quantities of materials, includes all assumptions or qualifications to the estimate, includes relatively large contingency to provide for changes in scope since information is quite limited (prepared during SD phase) List the engineering services required for the design development of a given project (program, clients and context). - Answer -- Engineering consultants Geotechnical (Soils , slope stability, earthquake) Civil (services, topography) Mechanical (HVAC, plumbing) Electrical (power, lighting, security, data) Structural

  • Specialized consultants Cable / data / communications Security Parking Fire Building Envelope Code Energy Management Lighting Air quality Waste and Recycling Leed / Green Globes / Living Building Challenge / ISO 14000 / ISO 14001 / R-2000 / Energy Star Architect should test the client's program through the study of - Answer - various planning and massing relationships (ideally SD results in a design which is the best possible solution out of all the iterations tested) CLASS B - Method of Cost Estimating - Answer --accounts for additional specification and drawing information being available (uses an expanded format under the original headings), reduces uncertainty since better information is available from the design team and reduces the contingency allowance (prepared during DD phase) Identify the documentation typically prepared for the client's approval of the design development. - Answer -- List of specialized equipment for approval
  • Estimated operating costs
  • Confirmation of Energy source
  • Site Plans with site improvements
  • All other supporting plans / sections / elevations / details to communicate design intent
  • Preliminary Outline spec

can proceed without construction drawings/specification

  • Useful for architects during DD phase when trade-offs between elements can be considered to improve the quality of the project without compromising the total budget
  • Disadvantage is that it cuts across the traditional construction trade areas and can be difficult to double check information from real project data without a complex, time consuming analysis
  • This method is best left to quantity surveyors or those that are experienced in the calculation of building costs Explain the principles of sustainable design as they relate to design development. - Answer - ( Building plan, Daylighting, passive solar heating, Natural ventilation, Solar energy systems, wind energy systems, water management, high efficiency building envelope).
  • ultimate goal would be to continue with any implemented systems and continue development through the inclusion of specialized consultants (if required)
  • All of this information would be included in the documented drawings and outline spec that would carry into Construction Documents.
  • P.119 Green Building Reading - "Green design is an interactive, holistic approach that sets environmental standards for the building's operations and life cycle, while meeting the requirements of building users and owners. Passive systems are encouraged as they truly work without the impact of human or machine." List the ENGINEERING services required for the schematic design of a given project - Answer --intergration of all consultants at the beginning of SD process
  • identify opportunities and constraints of the building site
  • Investigate types of construction materials, systems and contractual methods
  • Obtain detailed site information (ex. Water, sewer, utility services, geotechnical)
  • Establish the project's technical principles
  • Review consultants proposals, scope of work and price
  • Engineering sub-consultants help prepare the construction budget for the end of the SD phase
  • Engineers from various disciplines help the architect to develop S/M/E building system concepts appropriate to the project goals Area Cost Method - Answer - Cost per square foot basis used throughout the development
  • Extensive floor area data available from a number of sources that can be used for interpolation and forecasting
  • This method should be used for providing general cost advice/calculation of overall project costs
  • Advantages are that this is a very easy concept to understand,

straightforward to calculate, can draw on historic data for many different building types

  • Disadvantages are that this does not account for unique conditions and is very simplistic and can be misinterpreted Identify the documentation typically prepared for the client's approval of the schematic design. - Answer --Site plan
  • Principal floor plans
  • Vertical sections
  • Building elevations
  • Illustrative sketches/perspective renderings of the project
  • Massing models
  • Schematic Design report
  • design alternatives for the client's review
  • Written approval before beginning design development Volume Cost Method - Answer - Cost per m
  • This method rarely used except for specific types of buildings such as warehousing (especially freezer buildings), multi-floor buildings where floor area might not accurately reflect true costs and to double check other methods What is included in a Schematic Design Report - Answer --Design approach/philosophy
  • Sustainable goals/environmental features
  • Probably construction costs (can be estimated based on area/volume of proposed building and then multiplied by the appropriate unit cost)
  • Summary of status of design with respect to environmental, planning, zoning and building code regulations
  • Preliminary schedule for design/construction start/construction completion/type of construction procurement
  • Description of structural, mechanical and electrical systems
  • Basic area calculation and analysis
  • Site data
  • Product and material descriptions (samples of key construction materials and finishes) Unit Use Cost Method - Answer -- This method uses simplified historic data as a basis for calculating cost
  • Brief, to the point and relatively reliable
  • Used for preliminary project budgeting
  • Provides quick reference/check at early stages of a project
  • Since projects are rarely identical, it requires careful adjustments to be made to the data Circumstances of location and date of construction will rarely
  • Usually some months out of date
  • Often presented in graph format Contingencies - Answer - events with uncertain outcomes that may represent potential liabilities
  • Contingencies of decreasing sizes should be applied to a project and construction budget as more relevant material becomes available throughout the course of the project
  • There should be both design and construction contingencies (as high as 25% during early phases and decreasing to 2%-5% as the degree of uncertainty is reduced)
  • Reno work contingencies for construction are generally higher Construction Costs - Answer - Includes only the costs of construction and the contingencies for cost increases (does not include professional fees, land, maintenance, etc.) Project Costs - Answer - Total expenditure for the entire project which includes the construction budget, professional fees, cost of land, rights of way and all other costs to the client for the project Overall Costs - Answer - Includes capital cost + operating costs + maintenance costs Capital Costs - Answer - initial cost of construction including land, fees and carrying costs Operating Costs - Answer - all expenditures for servicing of the building during its lifetime (lighting, energy, management, insurance) Maintenance Costs - Answer - costs associated with repairs and renewals