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Enantiomer
Isomers that are mirror images but non-superimposable.
TERM 2
Macromolecule
DEFINITION 2
A large molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules,
usually through dehydration reactions.
TERM 3
Catabolism
DEFINITION 3
The breaking down of complex molecules to simple
molecules and releasing energy.
TERM 4
Prokaryotic Cell
DEFINITION 4
A cell that lacks membrane-enclosed organelles and nucleus.
Examples: bacteria and archaea
TERM 5
Eukaryotic Cell
DEFINITION 5
A cell that has membrane-enclosed organelles and nucleus.
Examples: protists, plants, fungi, and animals
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Releases free energy when its bonds are hydrolyzed. This
energy is then used to power endergonic reactions in cells.
TERM 7
Radioisotope
DEFINITION 7
Its nucleus spontaneously decays, giving off particles and
energy, causing it to be very unstable.
TERM 8
Molarity
DEFINITION 8
Measure of solute concentration.mol solute / L solution = M
TERM 9
Covalent Bonds
DEFINITION 9
Very strong bonds formed when two atoms share one or
more pairs of valence electrons.
TERM 10
Polar Covalent Bonds
DEFINITION 10
Covalent bonds with an unequal sharing of electrons. The
electrons are attracted to the more electronegative atom.
Anabolism
The construction of complex molecules from smaller units.
TERM 17
Endergonic Reaction
DEFINITION 17
A non-spontaneous reaction in which free energy is absorbed
from the surroundings.
TERM 18
Hydrocarbon
DEFINITION 18
An organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon.
TERM 19
Structural (Constitutional) Isomers
DEFINITION 19
Same molecular formula, atoms are attached differently.
TERM 20
Geometric (cis/trans) Isomers
DEFINITION 20
Same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms
but different arrangements in space due to the inflexibility of
double bonds.
Functional Groups
Specific groups of atoms that each have their own role in
chemical reactions.
TERM 22 DEFINITION 22
Hydroxyl
TERM 23 DEFINITION 23
Carbonyl
TERM 24 DEFINITION 24
Carboxyl
TERM 25 DEFINITION 25
Amino
Monomer
The subunit that serves as the basic building block for a
polymer.
TERM 32
Condensation Reaction
DEFINITION 32
Two large molecules join together; as a by-product, a small
molecule is released.
TERM 33
Dehydration
DEFINITION 33
A specific type of condensation reaction in which water is the
small molecule that is released.
TERM 34
Hydrolysis
DEFINITION 34
A chemical reaction in which the bonds between two
molecules are broken through the addition of water. This is
how polymers are broken down into monomers.
TERM 35
Peptide Bond
DEFINITION 35
Covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino
and the amino group on the other, formed through a
dehydration reaction.
Polypeptide
Short polymers of amino acid monomers linked together by
peptide bonds.
TERM 37
Protein
DEFINITION 37
A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more
polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-
dimensional structure.
TERM 38
Amino Acid
DEFINITION 38
An organic molecule that has a carboxyl group and an amino
group. They serve as the monomers of polypeptides.
TERM 39
Alpha Carbon
DEFINITION 39
The first carbon attached to a functional group.
TERM 40
Beta Carbon
DEFINITION 40
The next carbon attached to the alpha carbon (which is then
attached to a functional group).
Secondary Structure
Segments of a protein's polypeptide chain that are
repeatedly coiled or folded.
TERM 47
Alpha Helix
DEFINITION 47
A type of secondary structure made of a delicate coil held
together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino
acid.
TERM 48
Beta Pleated Sheet
DEFINITION 48
A type of secondary structure made of two or more strands
of the polypeptide chain lying side by side and connected
with hydrogen bonds.
TERM 49
Tertiary Structure
DEFINITION 49
Three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide resulting from
interactions between the R groups of the various amino
acids.
TERM 50
Quarternary Structure
DEFINITION 50
The overall protein structure resulting from the collection of
multiple polypeptide sub-units.
Dimer
Chemical compound made up of two sub-units.
TERM 52
Tetramer
DEFINITION 52
Chemical compound made up of four sub-units
TERM 53
Prosthetic Group
DEFINITION 53
A non-protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein
and is necessary for that protein's biological activity.
TERM 54
X-ray Crystallography
DEFINITION 54
A method of determining the arrangement of atoms within a
crystal. A beam of x-rays strikes a crystal and splits. The
arrangement is determined based on the angles and
strengths of the subsidiary beams of x-rays.
TERM 55
Chaperon Proteins
DEFINITION 55
Proteins that assist in the
folding/unfolding/assembly/disassembly of macromolecules,
but are not present during these macromolecules' regular
function.
Structural Proteins
Proteins that support. Examples: hair, horns, feathers.
TERM 62
Storage Proteins
DEFINITION 62
Proteins that store amino acids. Example: Casein, the protein
of milk.
TERM 63
Transport Proteins
DEFINITION 63
Proteins that move other materials within an organism.
Example: Hemoglobin (which transports oxygen from the
lungs to other parts of the body).
TERM 64
Hormonal Proteins
DEFINITION 64
Proteins that coordinate an organism's activities. Example:
Insulin.
TERM 65
Receptor Proteins
DEFINITION 65
Proteins on the surface of cells that receive and respond to
chemical signals released by other cells.
Contractile Proteins
Proteins responsible for movement. Example: Cilia and
flagella.
TERM 67
Defensive Proteins
DEFINITION 67
Proteins that protect against disease. Example: Antibodies
that help destroy viruses and bacteria.
TERM 68
Gene Expression
DEFINITION 68
The process by which information from a gene is used in the
synthesis of the final functional gene product.
TERM 69
Polynucleotide
DEFINITION 69
A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a
chain.
TERM 70
Purine
DEFINITION 70
A type of nitrogenous base found in nucleotides. Contains a
six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring.
Uracil
A pyrimidine with two C double-bonded to O. This is the "U"
in RNA.
TERM 77
Nucleoside
DEFINITION 77
The portion of a nucleotide without any phosphate groups.
TERM 78
Nucleotide
DEFINITION 78
The monomer unit of polynucleotides.
TERM 79
Deoxyribose
DEFINITION 79
The sugar present in DNA.
TERM 80
Ribose
DEFINITION 80
The sugar present in RNA.
Phosphodiester Bond
A group of strong covalent bonds between a phosphate
group and two five-carbon rings.
TERM 82
DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid)
DEFINITION 82
A type of nucleic acid. The genetic material that offspring
inherit from their parents. Provides directions for its own
replication. Directs RNA synthesis.
TERM 83
RNA (ribonucleic
acid)
DEFINITION 83
A type of nucleic acid. Controls protein synthesis.
TERM 84
Antiparallel
DEFINITION 84
The arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA
double helix are always antiparallel; that is, they run 5' - 3' in
opposite directions.
TERM 85
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
DEFINITION 85
Brings the "instructions" for a new protein from the DNA to
the cell's protein-synthesizing machinery.
Monosaccharides
The simplest carbohydrate. Can be active alone or can serve
as a monomer unit of polysaccharides.
TERM 92
Polysaccharides
DEFINITION 92
Long carbohydrate molecules of repeated monosaccharides
that are joined with glycosidic bonds.
TERM 93
Glycosidic Bond
DEFINITION 93
A type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule
to another group (carbohydrate or not).
TERM 94
Glycoprotein
DEFINITION 94
A protein with one or more covalently attached
carbohydrates.
TERM 95
Glycolipid
DEFINITION 95
A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.
Triose
A monosaccharide with three carbon atoms.
TERM 97
Pentose
DEFINITION 97
A monosaccaride with five carbon atoms.
TERM 98
Hexose
DEFINITION 98
A monosaccharide with six carbon atoms.
TERM 99
Starch
DEFINITION 99
A carbohydrate consisting of many glucose units joined with
glycosidic bonds.
TERM 100
Cellulose
DEFINITION 100
A polysaccharide present in plant cell walls.
