Download Historical Overview: Abnormal Behavior & Mental Health from Middle Ages to Modern Times and more Quizzes Abnormal Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
Abnormal Behavior
psychological dysregulationassociated with distressor impairmentin functioning that is not typicalnor expected TERM 2
The Supernatural Tradition
DEFINITION 2 Middle Ages & Witchcraft Deviant behavior = battle of "good" vs. "evil" TERM 3
Middle Ages
DEFINITION 3 476~1450 AD Possession= cause of illness Treatment= prayer, exorcism, starvation, torture TERM 4
Trephination
DEFINITION 4 MI treatment used in the supernatural tradition- drilling a hole in the skull to release demons TERM 5
Witchcraft
DEFINITION 5 Late 15-17th century Witches voluntarilywork for the devil Malleus Maleficarum- 100,000+ accused and killed
The Reform Movement
Late 18th- early 19th century The Rise of Moral Therapy- Pinel and Pussin Humane treatment lead to decreased symptoms Moral therapy declined in 1880's because MI not seen as curable, lead to lifelong institutionalization and little/poor care TERM 7
Benjamin Rush
DEFINITION 7 Lead reforms in the US TERM 8
Dorothea Dix
DEFINITION 8 Lead mental hygiene movement TERM 9
The Early Medical Models
DEFINITION 9 Disappeared then came back Hippocrates Galen extended Hippocrates work Galenic-Hippocratic Tradition TERM 10
Hippocrates
DEFINITION 10 ~400 BC Abnormal behaviors seen as a physical disease First break from demonology Theory of mental illness= 4 humors (vital fluids) Phlegm- excess produced sluggishness Black bile- excess produced depression Yellow bile- excess produced angry disposition Blood- excess produced optimistic disposition
Community Mental Health
Belief that communities can better meet needs of its members- societal influences (JFK) 1963- CMHC's Anti-psychotic drugs widely available TERM 17
Community Mental Health- 1963
DEFINITION 17 Congress established nationwide community mental health centers (CMHC's) Lead to deinstitutionalization 1955 >550, 1985 <130, TERM 18
The Psychological Perspective
DEFINITION 18 Psychoanalytic Theory- first major psychological theory of abnormal behavior Emerged from Moral Therapy and Charcot's use of hypnosis to treat hysteria Lead to Freud's theory that intrapsychic forces in the subconscious lead to MI TERM 19
Psychoanalytic Theory
DEFINITION 19 Conflict within a person leads to emotions that eventually lead to physical manifestations treatment -->discharge of blocked emotions (catharsis) --
restored physical functioning Now referred to as the Modern Psychodynamic Theory TERM 20
Catharsis
DEFINITION 20 Process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions
Sociocultural Perspective
Society fails the person, which leads to their abnormal behavior- consider social ills (poverty, "isms", abuse, discrimination) mental illness as a myth- labeling "problems in living" as an illness Thomas Szasz- pathologies those that threaten the establishment- reify's abnormality TERM 22
The Biopsychosocial
Perspective
DEFINITION 22 Where we are today- proposes an Interactionist Model Must consider biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors Current trend in the field- e.g. behavioral genetics TERM 23
Polygenesis
DEFINITION 23 Influenced by many genes (e.g., genius), most rare traits are polygenetic TERM 24
Behavioral Genetics
DEFINITION 24 Discipline concerned with genetic AND environmental influences on behavior Method- examines patterns of familial relationships to get heritability estimates TERM 25
Heritability
DEFINITION 25 Proportion of variability in a trait/disorder due to genes Ex: heritability of body weight is 50+% so at least 50% of the variability in the populations weight is due to genes 20-30% is not heritable and related to environmental factors Psych disorders 30-70% are heritable
Twin Studies
When comparing MZ (identical- share 100% of genes) to DZ (fraternal-share 50% of genes) If MZ= 85% concordance and DZ= 60% then there is a genetic effect , but environmental effects are also evident Twins also share a womb- something could have affected both twins, such as carcinogens (stressors) TERM 32
Diathesis-Stress Model (gene-environment
interactions)
DEFINITION 32 The idea that we have a genetic predisposition for a host of disorders (when genes interact with environment) Inherited predisposition to develop disorder + environmental stressor --> psychological disorder The stronger the diathesis, the less stress is necessary to produce the disorder TERM 33
Reciprocal Gene-Environment Model (gene-
environment correlates)
DEFINITION 33 When genes increase the likelihood that the individual will encounter an environmental trigger Ex: children with genes for musical talent are drawn to musical environments TERM 34
Neurobiological
DEFINITION 34 Genes code for proteins- genes for psychopathology likely code for proteins operating in the brain TERM 35
Frontal Lobe
DEFINITION 35 Manifestation for mental illness Deals with personality, emotionality, executive functioning (planning, engaging) and the way we respond and interpret the world/interact with others Most serial killers have some kind of damage to the frontal lobe
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals throughout the brain that carry electrical messages- allow brain regions to "talk" to one another and carry out functions released from axon terminals by neuron firing TERM 37
Serotonin
DEFINITION 37 Influences processing of information, aggressiveness, eating and sexual behavior At LOW levels- increased impulsivity, over reactivity, decreased inhibition Disorders affected- depression, anxiety, eating disorders Prozac- SSRI do not allow the neuron to take all the serotonin back, so it ends up increasing the available serotonin for the brain TERM 38
GABA
DEFINITION 38 Inhibits emotions and behaviors Reduces anxiety Regulated by Benzodiazepines TERM 39
Dopamine
DEFINITION 39 "Switch" that inhibits OR facilitates emotions/behaviors Balances serotonin Excess= Schizophrenia and aggression Low= ADHD and Parkinson's Anti-psychotics work on the dopamine system TERM 40
Dendrites
DEFINITION 40 Picks up electrical messages
Family factors: shared
Environmental factors shared by siblings growing up in the same family- e.g. SES TERM 47
Family factors: non-shared
DEFINITION 47 Influences notshared by siblings in the same family Ex: different treatment from siblings and parents, life events Gender of the child is a significant factor If one child experiences a traumatic event and one does not May explain why one child develops a disorder and others do not TERM 48
Differences in prevalence rates by gender
DEFINITION 48 Higher in men- alcoholism Higher in women- depression and eating disorders TERM 49
Mental health among the
elderly
DEFINITION 49 Lower depression is associated with more social contacts and support in men and women over the age of 55 TERM 50
Why do genetic influences increase in
adolescence and adulthood?
DEFINITION 50 Activator genes "turn on" in adolescence and there are hormonal differences that show up in puberty Shared environment has influenced a persons CHILDHOOD; after that point, non-shared factors predominate
Etiology
Cause/source TERM 52
Multidimensional
DEFINITION 52 System of multiple- allows us to better understand the full story there are MULTIPLE influences that affect that topic TERM 53
Clinical Assessment
DEFINITION 53 The systematic evaluation and measure of psychological factors of an individual to figure out what is going on psychologically Assessing thoughts andsituation- not person TERM 54
Mental Status Exam
DEFINITION 54 Appearance- are they dressed appropriately for the weather? how is their hygiene? Behavior- fidgety, nervousness, eye contact Thought process- do they make sense? Are they using proper communication? Thought content- delusions, hallucinations, mood/affect, appearance of their mood, intellectual functions TERM 55
Mini-Mental Status Exam
DEFINITION 55 Asks about the season, year, month, day, name, location (oriented x3) Repeat words, spell/count backwards, repeat original words, name objects, basic-3 step commands Score out of 30- less than 24= cognitive issue, less than 21= dementia or active psychosis
DSM-
First DSM to have number instead of roman numeral eliminated multi-axis system reevaluation- panels of experts now compatible with the ICD and can code in both changed criteria and classification of some disorders TERM 62
Stress-related Disorders
DEFINITION 62 Disorders that are either caused or exacerbated by stress and traumatic events TERM 63
Stress
DEFINITION 63 Both a physiological and psychological reaction toe intuitions that demand adaptation adaptation includes physical and psychological changes TERM 64
Stressor/Stresses
DEFINITION 64 Pressure of demands requiring one to adapt or adjust death of a friend, friend in criss, break up, etc. TERM 65
The General Adaptation Syndrome
DEFINITION 65 Alarm or "Shock" stage- organism recognizes stress and begins to respond Adaptation or Resistance stage- organism mobilizes the body's resources for coping (helps person become stronger if they face the same stressor again) Exhaustion stage- organism succumbs to fatigue (not fully able to adapt/overtaxing the system)
Emotion-focused Coping
Reduces the emotional impact of the situation denial avoidance withdrawal TERM 67
Problem-focused Coping
DEFINITION 67 Changes the problem actively addressing the issue (confrontation) Ex: talking to your professor about a class you are worried about (positive)
