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Afferent Nerves
Input TERM 2
Efferent Nerves
DEFINITION 2 Output TERM 3
Three ways to study the brain personality link
DEFINITION 3 Study Brain Damage Brain Stimulation Observe the brain directly using imaging techniques TERM 4
Studying Brain
Damage
DEFINITION 4 People who have suffered accidental brain damage (e.g. Phineas Gage) Damage (called lesions) was deliberate (done with surgery) Usually done with rats, dogs and monkeys TERM 5
Brain
Stimulation
DEFINITION 5 Stimulate brain of animals (including people) and see how they respond Transcranial magnetic simulation (TMS)
Observe the brain directly using imaging
techniques
EEG: Measure electrical signals on the surface or MEG PET: Follow radioactive blood flow fMRI: Image the magnetic pulses generated by blood flow TERM 7
Brain Imaging
DEFINITION 7 Less invasive than lesions and more convenient than waiting for naturally occurring accidents But some limitations Some areas "light up" without stimulation Necessarily focus on small area of the brain Difficult and time intensive to conduct This work highlights the importance of "brain systems" TERM 8
Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)
DEFINITION 8 Area the controls how much information from the nervous system enters the brain Keeps you awake (or not) in class Arousal activity and activation of brain Let's in or filter out information The canter of Eysenck's theory regarding introversion- extraversion TERM 9
Eysenck's Arousal Hypothesis
DEFINITION 9 The ARAS of introverts is open and lets in a lot of sensory information Introverts: higher resting levels of arousal because ARAS lets in too much stimulation Thus, engage in behaviors to minimize or avoid stimulation The ARAS of extraverts is more closed and lets in less sensory information Extraverts: Lower resting levels of arousal because ARAS lets into little stimulation Thus engage in behaviors to increase stimulation TERM 10
Evidence for Eysenck's Theory
DEFINITION 10 Introverts get used to sensory stimuli (like unusual sounds) slower than extroverts Explanation: Introverts more sensitive to new auditory stimuli When lemon juice is dripped onto the tongue Introverts salivate more than extroverts Explanation: Introverts experience the sour taste more, thus respond more strongly to it When given caffeine and asked to complete difficult tasks Introverts had stronger brain activity than extroverts Explanation:introverts more sensitive to the caffeine thus are more affected by it and increase brain wave strength
Central Nervous System
CNS: Brain and spinal cord Several neurotransmitters work almost exclusively in the CNS, including: Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin Peripheral Nervous System (PNS: extends throughout the body) TERM 17
Neurotransmitters
DEFINITION 17 Fast chemical messengers in the brain Communication between brain and muscles/sensory receptors many different types Variable levels: People differ in their levels Within the individual May vary depending on individuals' behaviors TERM 18
Dopamine
DEFINITION 18 It assists in the control of body movement It is associated with humans' response to reward Behavioral activation system (BAS) --> GO : Reward seeking; approach-related behavior, energetic, impulsive Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) --> Stop: Responds to risk; inhibited; anxious Independent systems TERM 19
High Impulsivity + Low Anxiety
DEFINITION 19 Extraverted TERM 20
High Impulsivity + High Anxiety
DEFINITION 20 Neurotic
Low Anxiety + Low
Impulsivity
Stable TERM 22
Low Impulsivity + High
anxiety
DEFINITION 22 Introverted TERM 23
Grey's Theory
DEFINITION 23 Behavioral inhibition system and behavioral activation system may work through emotions (positive affect and negative affect) Positive affect signals "Go ahead, everything's fine!" Negative Affect Signals "Wait a minute, you better think carefully before doing that!" TERM 24
Lack of Dopamine
DEFINITION 24 Severe lack of dopamine is related to Parkinson's Disease Reward deficiency syndrome Problem behavior related to novelty seeking, such as: Alcoholism, drug abuse Compulsive overeating and gambling Dopaminergic systems (systems affect by dopamine) also might be related to bipolar disorder (manic depression) TERM 25
Serotonin
DEFINITION 25 Inhibition of behavioral impulses, particularly emotional impulses Some inhibition of emotional impulses can help people: Avoid excessive worrying Decrease their sensitivity to the social and physical environment Low Serotonin levels (serotonin depletion syndrome) Dangerous criminals, arsonists, and violent, suicidal individuals have been shown to have low serotonin levels Serotonin depletion: irrational anger, hypersensitivity to rejection, chronic pessimism, obsessive worry and fear of risk taking
