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Exam #3 Bio 235 Athabasca
1. Trypsin: digests proteins into peptides. Acts on inactive processors to produce chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
and elastase
2. Secretin: Stimulates the flow of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate. inhibits secretion of gastric juice, enhances
effects of CCK and promotes normal growth of pancreas. Buffering ion acid in chyme
3. Inhibin: Inhibits FSH secretion by anterior pituitary. Secreted by granulose cells of growing follicles and the corpus
lute after ovulation
4. Aldosterone: increases reabsorption of Na and water by the kidneys. this water reabsorption increases total blood
volume and increases blood pressure
5. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): is releases in response to dehydration or de- creased blood volume. Causes
vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure. Promotes movement of water from lumen of kidney tubules into the bloodstream enhances water reabsorption by kidneys
6. Angiotensin II: Raises blood pressure by increasing systemic vascular resis- tance
potent vasoconstrictor stimulates secretion of aldosterone
7. Thrombin: converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin which forms the threads of the clot
8. Lingual Lipase: acts on as much as 30% of the dietary triglycerides and converts them to simpler fatty acids and
diglycerides. Becomes activated in the acidic environment of the stomach thus starts working after food has been swallowed
9. Salivary Amylase: A digestive enzyme that acts on starch activated by chloride ions
in saliva breaks start down into maltose, maltatroise and a-dextrin continues to break down food after it has been swallowed for about an hour
10. Basophil: release granules that contain heparin, histamine and serotonin which all intensify inflammatory reactions
and are involved in allergic reactions similar function as mast cells .5-1% of all WBC
11. Neutrophils: release several chemicals to destroy a pathogen contain defensins which
poke holes in microbe membranes Participate in destruction of bacteria Phagocytosis 60-70% of all WBC
12. Monocyte: Arrive in larger numbers and destroy more microbes. Once arriving they enlarge and differentiate into
wandering macrophages, which clean up cellular debris and microbes by phagocytosis after an infection 3-8% of all WBC
13. Eosinophil: Believed to release enzymes such as histaminase that combat the effects of histamine and other
substances involved in inflammation during allergic reactions phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and are effective against parasitic worms 2-4% of all WBC
14. Plasma proteins: Albumins Globulins
Fibrinogen
15. GnRH: stimulates gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to increase secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Controls the ovarian uterine cycles
26. Post absorptive state: absorption of nutrients from the GI tract is complete and energy needs must be met by fuels
already in the body. This function is important for maintaining a steady blood glucose level
27. Absorptive state: ingested nutrients are entering the bloodstream and glucose is readily available for ATP
production. Insulin dominates this state
28. Types of birth control: Complete abstinence surgical sterilization
non-incisional sterilization hormonal methods IUD spermicides barrier methods periodic abstinence
29. Mechanisms of heat transfer: Conduction Convection
Radiation Evaporation
30. Hormones that regulate digestive activities: Gastrin Secretin
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
31. Parts of the small intestine: Duodenum Jejunum
Ileum
32. Pancreas: secretes pancreatic juice from acini portion and glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and pancreatic
polypeptide from the pancreatic islets
33. Types of shock: Hypovolemic- decreased blood volume cardiogenic -poor heart
function
vascular- inappropriate vasodilation obstructive- obstruction of blood flow
34. Deglutition: The act of swallowing
35. Deglutition stages: Voluntary stage-bolus is passed into oropharynx pharyngeal stage-involuntary
passage of bolus to esophagus esophageal stage-involuntary passage of bolus through esophagus into the stomach
36. Spermatogenesis: The process by which the seminiferous tubules produce sperm
37. Zona pellucida: A clear glycoprotein layer between the primary oocyte and the granulosa cells
38. Female reproductive cycle: menstrual phase preovulatory phase
48. Platelets: fragments of cells
release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged functional equivalent of thrombocytes
49. Vasodilation: an increase in the blood vessel diameter that occurs when the smooth muscle in the vessel wall
relaxes. Release of NO can cause vasodilation Improves blood flow and enhances Oxygen delivery
50. Carbonic Anhydrase: Catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid. Dissociates into H+
and HCO3-
51. Transferrin: A transporter for Fe3+ in blood stream
52. Ferritin: Iron storage protein
53. Phagocytes: perform phagocytosis which is the ingestion of microbes or other particles such as cellular debris
54. Macrophages: Help clear out debris of dead and dying cells
55. Gastric Lipase: Splits triglycerides in fat molecules into fatty acids and mono- glycerides
56. Pepsin: The only protein digesting enzyme in the stomach secreted by chief cells
severs certain peptide bonds between amino acids secreted int he inactive form and becomes activated after coming into contact with hydrochloric acid
57. Peritoneum: Largest serous membrane in the body Parietal-lines the wall
of the abdominal cavity visceral-covers some of the organs in the cavity and is their serosa Between the two layers in a cavity that contains lubricating serous fluid
58. Trypsinogen: activated to trypsin when it encounters enterkinase
59. 3 Phases of digestion: Cephalic-sight, smell, thought of food. Gastric -digestion begins
Intestinal-once food enters the small intestine
60. Gallbladder: store and concentrate the bile produced by the liver until it is needed in the small intestine
61. 3 general functions of blood: Transportation Regulation
Protection
62. What is a normal blood pH?: 7.35-7.
63. neutrophils: the most abundant in the white blood cell buffy coat.
64. Erythropoietin: increases the number of red blood cell precursors
65. Thrombopoietin: stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes
66. Cytokins: stimulate proliferation of progenitor cells in red bone marrow and reg- ulates the activities of cells
involved in nonspecific defences and immune responses
67. The average life of a Red blood cell?: 120 days
68. What is hypoxia?: cellular oxygen deficiency
69. Granular leukocytes: Neutrophils eosinophils
basophils
70. Agranular leukocytes: lymphocytes monocytes
71. Leukocytosis: An increase in the number of white blood cells in response to stresses such as invading microbes,
strenuous exercise, anesthesia, and surgery
be called the atrioventricular valve
86. What valve is used when blood passes from left ventricle into the ascend- ing aorta: aortic valve (aortic
semilunar valve)
87. Purkinje fibers: rapidly conduct the action potentials beginning at the apex upward tot he remainder of the
ventricular myocardium
88. What is the natural pacemaker of the heart?: SA node
89. Systole: The phase of contraction
90. Diastole: The phase of relaxation
91. Stroke volume: The volume ejected per beat from each ventricle equals end-di- astolic volume minus end systolic
volume
92. What are the 5 main types of blood vessels?: Arteries Arterioles
Capillaries Venules Veins
93. Capillaries: allow the exchange of substances between the blood and body tissue
94. What are the layers of a blood vessel wall?: Tunica interna Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
95. Elastic arteries: help propel the blood onward while the ventricles are relaxing, also called conducting arteries
96. Vascular tone: the ability of the muscle to contract and maintain a state of partial contraction
97. Thoroughfare channel: provides a direct route for blood from an arteriole to a venue---bypassing the capillaries
98. What are the three types of capillaries?: continuous fenestrated
sinusoids
99. What are the three basic mechanisms for capillary exchange?: Diffusion Transytosis
Bulk flow
100. fibrinogen: main clotting protein
101. What two pressures promote filtration?: blood hydrostatic pressure-pushes fluid out
interstitial fluid osmotic pressure-pulls fluid in
102. Starling's law of the capillaries: The volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed normally is almost as large as the
volume filtered
103. 3 determinants of vascular resistance: size of lumen blood viscosity
total blood vessel length
104. 2 important baroreceptor reflexes: carotid sinus reflex and aortic reflex
105. Divisions of the aorta: ascending aorta arch of the aorta
thoracic aorta abdominal aorta
106. What veins make up the hepatic portal vein?: superior mesenteric and splenic
117. 2 traits T cells must have: Self recognition Self tolerance
118. Pleural membrane: Surrounds and protects the lungs
119. which lung is smaller?: Left lung by about 10%
120. compliance: how much effort is required to stretch the lungs and chest wall
121. Dalton's Law: each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present
122. Henry's Law: the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
and its solubility
123. 5 major peritoneal folds: the greater omentum the falciform
ligament the lesser omentum the mesentery the mesocolon
124. Regions of the stomach: cardia fundus
body pyloric part-breaks into 3 parts
125. parietal cells: produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid
126. chief cells: secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
127. G cells: secrete gastrin into the bloodstream
128. Goblet cells: secrete mucus
129. Paneth cells: secrete lysozyme
130. Functions of the Large intestine: completion of absorption production of certain
vitamins formation of feces expulsion of feces
131. regions of the large intestine: cecum colon
rectum anal canal
132. CCK: stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice
133. metabolism: all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body
134. catabolism: breaking complex to simple
135. anabolism: simple molecules to complex
136. oxidation: the removal of electrons from an atom or molecule
137. reduction: the addition of electrons to a molecule
138. Cellular respiration: the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP
139. Cellular respiration types: glycolysis formation of
acetyl coenzyme A Krebs cycle Electron transport chain
140. Glycogenesis: the synthesis of glycogen
149. Glomerular Filtration Rate: Angiotensin II reduces GFR and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide increases GFR. The
three mechanisms that control this are renal auto regulation, neural regulation, and hormonal regulation
150. Electrolytes: inorganic compounds that dissociate into ions, fluid balance is closely related to electrolyte
balance
151. Seminiferous tubules: where sperm are produced
152. in order from advancing maturity of a sperm cell: primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes,
spermatids, and sperm cells
153. Epididymis: The site of sperm maturation
154. What are the accessory sex glands?: seminal vesicles prostate
bulborethral glands
155. importance of seminal fluid?: provides sperm with a transportation medium, nutrients, and protection from
hostile acidic environments
156. hilum: point of entrance and exit for blood vessels and nerves
157. Peg cells: secrete a fluid that provides nutrition for an ovum
158. prolactin: stimulates the production of milk
159. Oxytocin: stimulates ejection of milk
160. Estrogens that are present in significant quantities: beta-estradiol estrone
estriol
161. Relaxin: relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contraction of myometrium. increases flexibility of the pubic
symphysis and ligaments of the sacroiliac and sacrococcygeal joints and helps dilate cervix during labor
162. What is the importance of progesterone during pregnancy?: ensures that the uterine myometrium is relaxed
and that the cervix is tightly closed
163. Thrombosis: clotting of an undamaged blood vessel
164. Factors that regulate stroke volume: preload contractility
after load
165. Tunica external of blood vessels: consist of elastic and collagen fibres
166. intercellular clefts: gaps between neighboring endothelial cells
167. Where does blood draining from the head enter?: internal jugular, external jugular and vertebral veins
168. interleukin II: a cytosine which is needed for virtually all immune responses and is the prime trigger of Tcell
proliferation
169. hormones impacting vasoconstriction: angiotensin II ADH
Norepinephrine epinephrine
170. hormones impacting vasodilation: ANP Epinephrine
Nitric Oxide
171. hormones impacting blood volume decrease: Atrial natriuretic peptide
172. hormones impacting blood volume increase: ADH Aldosterone
173. Flow through the lymph node: afferent lymphatic vessel sub capsular sinus
