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free will
freedom to make choices that are not determined by prior causes or by divine intervention a blend of automatic and controlled processes TERM 2
constrained will
DEFINITION 2 interaction of controlled (attention) and automatic (unconscious) processes know what you want so you can shape your automatic responses TERM 3
change blindness
DEFINITION 3 what your focusing on causes an inattention to change asking for directions on a map youtube video TERM 4
inattention blindness
DEFINITION 4 not looking for a specific thing on the screen others showing up failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere moonwalking bear TERM 5
choice blindness
DEFINITION 5 switching the pictures of attractive faces and explaining why you chose most people did not notice the change
pop out phenomenon
something that draws in your attention, so you don't notice other changes you only notice smiles on faces TERM 7
consciousness
DEFINITION 7 awareness of ourselves, surrounding, and environment conscious of mind and all mental processs TERM 8
attention
DEFINITION 8 focus on sensations, thoughts, and feelings bringing information to the surface TERM 9
conscious...
DEFINITION 9 allows for us to make complete decisions and use ourselves in the surrounding environment TERM 10
what are reasons humans sleep?
DEFINITION 10 sleep saves energy allows tissue to repair growth enhances memory (consolidation)
awake
mind and body are fully alert, fast EEG activity alpha waves TERM 17
stage 1
DEFINITION 17 feeling drowsy, falling asleep, easy to wake up again, slowing EEG activity beta waves TERM 18
stage 2
DEFINITION 18 sleep spindles TERM 19
stage 3 and 4
DEFINITION 19 deep sleep, difficult to wake up, very slow EEG waves delta waves TERM 20
circadian rhythm
DEFINITION 20 the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle
alpha waves
slow waves, a relaxed, awake brain TERM 22
delta waves
DEFINITION 22 large, slow waves of deep sleep TERM 23
as you get older, sleep...
DEFINITION 23 waves start to become shorter, meaning less of a deep sleep TERM 24
REM sleep
DEFINITION 24 Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep is a normal stage of sleep characterized by the rapid movement of the eyes. mind is alert, body is physiologically aroused; no muscle tone, body is paralyzed; fast EEG activity (beta waves); 80% of REM results in dreaming; also stirs liquid of cornea (fresh oxygen) re-occuring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur, muscles are relaxed, but no other body systems are active TERM 25
sleep spindles
DEFINITION 25 burst of rapid rhythmic brain wave activity
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings TERM 32
night terrors
DEFINITION 32 a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered TERM 33
sleep walking
DEFINITION 33 stage 4 sleep disorder TERM 34
sleep talking
DEFINITION 34 stage 4 sleep disorder TERM 35
research methods to monitor sleep
DEFINITION 35 sleep labs EEG equipment: measures EEG activity in the brain monitor sleep cycles actigraphy: measures gross motor activity sleep watch: measures wrist movement
actigraphy
a non invasive montorization of sleep activity/rest in humans TERM 37
Frued: why do we
dream?
DEFINITION 37 dreams reflect complex unconscious processes unconscious materila becomes conscious --> "latent content" but the conscious mind disguises it --> "manifest content" TERM 38
activation synthesis theory random electrical
activity
DEFINITION 38 brain makes sense of information by forming a story around it TERM 39
hypnosis
DEFINITION 39 a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggest to another (the subject) that certain perception, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur TERM 40
what type of people respond well to hypnosis?
DEFINITION 40 those with rich fantasy lives easily become absorbed in the imaginary events of a novel or a movie
divided conscious theory
hypnosis is more than inducing someone to play the role of a "good subject" much of our behavior occurs on autopilot TERM 47
psychoactive drugs
DEFINITION 47 a chemical that alters perception and mood recreation medicinal TERM 48
3 characteristics of addiction
DEFINITION 48 strong craving/psychological dependence physical dependence/withdrawal tolerance TERM 49
disease model of addiction
DEFINITION 49 The disease model of addiction describes an addiction as a lifelong disease involving biologic and environmental sources of origin. no such thing as a recovered alcoholic animals studies "distress will be relieved pharamalogically is possible" TERM 50
depressants
DEFINITION 50 clams neural activity
types of depressents
alcohol benzodiazepines opiates TERM 52
alcohol
DEFINITION 52 relaxation euprhoria analgesia (relieves pain) impaired coordination depresses neural firing in GABA system of brain: methanol on GABA to slow down the brain withdrawal symptoms: serious withdrawal, not enough inhibition, too much excitement, DTS (delirium tremens - ONLY treatable) potentially fatal TERM 53
benzodiazepines
DEFINITION 53 xanax (alprazoiam) valium (diazepam) sleep aids, alcohl withdrawal notorious for memory loss system of brain: works on GABA withdrawal: similar to alcohol but longer half life TERM 54
opiates
DEFINITION 54 opium derivatives heroin, vicodin (hydrocodone) percocet (oxycodone) Felix Hoffman = morphine --> heroin was a non addictive cough suppressant system: endorphin system (endogenous morphines) euphoria pain relief withdrawal: rough, flu like symptoms (probably not directly fatal) TERM 55
stimulants
DEFINITION 55 speed up body functions
seratonin
LSA, DMT, psilocybin (shrooms): needs a low dosage to be effective Hoffman = LSD: illusions, thinking disturbances, impaired ego functioning serotonin based effects (5HT-2a) increases glutamate TERM 62
marijuana
DEFINITION 62 THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) cannabinoid system varied effects: relaxation, euphoria, amplified senses, paranoia withdrawal: unclear --> psychological vs. physical TERM 63
types of hallucinogens
DEFINITION 63 serotonin marijuana LSD DMT psilocybin (shrooms) TERM 64
thinking tools
DEFINITION 64 concepts algorithim neruotic heruistic insight TERM 65
algorithim
DEFINITION 65 a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error prone - use of heuristics
neruotic
rule of thumb TERM 67
heuristic
DEFINITION 67 a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problees efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms TERM 68
prototype
DEFINITION 68 a mental image or best example of a category; matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin) TERM 69
components of problem solving
DEFINITION 69
- goal/solution 2. availiable resources 3. set of operations or actions that can be taken 4. rules that can not be violated TERM 70
well defined
DEFINITION 70 2x + 4 = 10
functional fixedness
stuck on a specific function or tool TERM 77
representativeness heuristic
DEFINITION 77 most likely based on other information TERM 78
avaliability heuristic
DEFINITION 78 ability to answer questions by information that comes to mind TERM 79
overconfidence
DEFINITION 79 the tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements TERM 80
framing
DEFINITION 80 how you word a question or understatement
belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited TERM 82
ways to improve decision making
DEFINITION 82 practice training small changes or "fixes" --> it can be hard to see improvements TERM 83
language develops from infancy through 2nd
year of life
DEFINITION 83 crying: from birth cooing: 2nd month babbling: 3rd/4th month one word stage: 1-2 years two word stage: 1-2 years telegraphic speech: 2 years TERM 84
operant language through associations of
language development
DEFINITION 84 Skinner (1985) babies learn to talk in many of the same ways that animals learn to peck keys and press bars: "verbal behavior evidently came into existence when, through a critical step in the evolution of the human species, the vocal musculature become suceptible to operant conditioning" TERM 85
inborn universal language theory of language
development
DEFINITION 85 Chomsky (1987) language will naturally occur given nurture; it just "happens to the child" a language acquisition device
critical period for language
learning
usually by age 7 TERM 92
learning a second
language
DEFINITION 92 try to do it before the age of 7 for the best results TERM 93
Genie
DEFINITION 93 deaf children who later gain hearing ability expose before critical impairment TERM 94
intelligence
DEFINITION 94 mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations TERM 95
how is intelligence measured
DEFINITION 95 IQ - intelligence quota mental age/chronological age * current measure
Alfred Binet
predicting school achievement TERM 97
mental age
DEFINITION 97 measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet, the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance; thus a child who does well as the average 8 year old is said to have the mental age of 8 TERM 98
properties of a good test
DEFINITION 98 standardization reliability validity TERM 99
standardization
DEFINITION 99 defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group TERM 100
reliability
DEFINITION 100 the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms on the test of on retesting
