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What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? a.Increased serum calcium levels b.Decreased serum magnesium levels c.Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone d.Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone - CORRECT ANS- - A. The overall effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)is to increase serum calcium and to decrease serum phosphate concentration. The other presented imbalances will not affect PTH in the described fashion. Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example of which type of regulation? a.Negative feedback c.Neural b.Positive feedback d.Physiologic - CORRECT ANS- - c. The release of hormones occurs either in response to an alteration in the cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a regulated level of certain hormones or certain substances. Several different mechanisms, one of which is neural control (e.g., stress-induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla), regulate the release of hormones. The remaining options do not accurately describe the example given. How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance? a.Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities. b.Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels. c.Too little hormone production is initiated.
d.Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system. - CORRECT ANS- - D. Negative-feedback systems are important in maintaining hormones within physiologic ranges. The lack of negative-feedback inhibition on hormonal release often results in pathologic conditions. Excessive hormone production, which is the result of the failure to turn off the system, can cause various hormonal imbalances and related conditions. The correct option is the only accurate description of this hormonal function. Which substance is a water-soluble protein hormone? a.Thyroxine c.Follicle-stimulating hormone b.Aldosterone d.Insulin - CORRECT ANS- - D. Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary, hypothalamic, and parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms. All the remaining options are fat-soluble hormones. Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone? a.Cortisol c.Epinephrine b.Oxytocin d.Growth hormone - CORRECT ANS- - A Cortisol and adrenal androgens are lipid-soluble hormones and are primarily bound to a carrier or transport protein in circulation. The other options are water-soluble hormones. Most protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream and are: a.Bound to a lipid-soluble carrier b.Free in an unbound, water-soluble form c.Bound to a water soluble-binding protein d.Free because of their lipid-soluble chemistry - CORRECT ANS- - B
a.Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm b.On the outer surface of the plasma membrane c.Inside the mitochondria d.On the inner surface of the plasma membrane - CORRECT ANS- - A Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located inside the plasma membrane and easily diffuse across the plasma membrane to bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors. The other options are not true statements.
- Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-adrenergic receptor? a.Calcium b.Inositol triphosphate (IP3) c.Diacylglycerol (DAG) d.Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - CORRECT ANS- - D Second-messenger molecules are the initial link between the first signal (hormone) and the inside of the cell (see Table 21-3). For example, the binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic-receptor subtype activates (through a stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP. The remaining messengers are not stimulated by epinephrine to bind as described. Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate phospholipase C through a G protein? a. Angiotensin II c. Estrogen b.
Thyroxine d. Testosterone - CORRECT ANS- - A Ca++ is considered an important second messenger that facilitates the binding of a hormone (e.g., norepinephrine, angiotensin II) to a surface receptor, activating the enzyme phospholipase C through a G protein inside the plasma membrane. None of the other options acts on its target cell via a second messenger. The control of calcium in cells is important because it: a. Is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop. b. Is continuously synthesized. c. Acts as a second messenger. d. Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream. - CORRECT ANS- - C In addition to being an important ion that participates in a multitude of cellular actions, Ca++ is considered an important second messenger. The other options are not true statements related to the control of calcium within the cells. The portion of the pituitary that secretes oxytocin is: a. Posterior c. Anterior b.
Posterior pituitary - CORRECT ANS- - B Prolactin-releasing factor targets the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the secretion of prolactin. The other remaining options are incorrect. Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act? a. Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells c. Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary b. Renal tubules; renal collecting ducts d. Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle - CORRECT ANS- - A Once synthesized in the hypothalamus, ADH acts on the vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of the renal duct cells to increase their permeability. This information helps eliminate the other options. Where is oxytocin synthesized? a. Hypothalamus c. Anterior pituitary b. Paraventricular nuclei d. Posterior pituitary - CORRECT ANS- - D
ADH and oxytocin are synthesized in hypothalamic neurons but are stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary. The other options do not synthesize oxytocin.
- The releasing hormones that are made in the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary via the: a. Vessels of the zona fasciculata c. Hypophyseal stalk b. Infundibular stem d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels - CORRECT ANS- - ANS: D Releasing and inhibitory hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are secreted into the portal blood vessels through which they travel to the anterior pituitary hormones. The releasing hormones do not enter the anterior pituitary gland via any of the other options. Which mineral is needed for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to stimulate the secretion of thyroid hormone (TH)? a. Iron c. Iodide b. Zinc d. Copper - CORRECT ANS- - C
Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell? a. Potassium c. Sodium b. Calcium d. Phosphorus - CORRECT ANS- - A Insulin facilitates the intracellular transport of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium. Insulin does not facilitate the transport of the other electrolytes. A person who has experienced physiologic stresses will have increased levels of which hormone? a. Adrenocorticotropic hormone c. Somatostatin b. Thyroid hormone d. Alpha endorphin - CORRECT ANS- - A Stress has been shown to increase adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion. The other options are not increased with stress. What is the action of calcitonin?
a. Increases metabolism. c. Increases serum calcium. b. Decreases metabolism. d. Decreases serum calcium. - CORRECT ANS- - D Calcitonin, also called thyrocalcitonin, acts to lower serum calcium levels by inhibiting bone-resorbing osteoclasts, making the other options incorrect. Which hormone is involved in the regulation of serum calcium levels? a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) b. Thyroxine (T4) c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) d. Triiodothyronine (T3) - CORRECT ANS- - A The parathyroid glands produce PTH, a regulator of serum calcium; therefore the other options are incorrect. Which hormone inhibits the secretion of growth hormone (GH)? a. Somatostatin c.
Epinephrine d. Aldosterone - CORRECT ANS- - B Of the available options, the catecholamine epinephrine (adrenaline) is the only major product secreted. The secretion of adrenocorticotropic-stimulating hormone (ACTH) will result in the increased level of which hormone? a. Thyroxine c. Cortisol. b. Insulin d. Antidiuretic hormone - CORRECT ANS- - C Psychologic and physiologic stress (e.g., hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyperthermia, exercise) increases ACTH secretion, leading to increased cortisol levels. Only cortisol describes the appropriate feedback loop. Which human physiologic system is believed to be an integral factor in unhealthy aging? a. Cardiac c. Central nervous b. Endocrine
d. Urinary - CORRECT ANS- - B Because the endocrine system is integral to health, changes in endocrine function have been used as biomarkers for unhealthy aging. The other systems, although contributing to the unhealthy aging, are not as integral. What are the effects of aging on pancreatic cells? a. Pancreatic cells are replaced by fat cells. b. Increased insulin production is typical. c. Beta cell production increases. d. No appreciable change occurs on pancreatic cells. - CORRECT ANS- - A With aging, the pancreatic cells are increasingly replaced with fat tissue. Dysfunction of the pancreas with decreased insulin secretion of the beta cells, insulin receptors, and insulin resistance have all been documented. ldosterone directly increases the reabsorption of: a. Magnesium c. Sodium b. Calcium d.
The term glucocorticoid refers to those steroidal hormones that have direct effects on carbohydrate metabolism. These hormones increase blood glucose concentration by promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver and by decreasing uptake of glucose into muscle cells, adipose cells, and lymphatic cells. Glucocorticoids are not capable of fat storage.
- Calcitonin A. Anterior pituitary B. Posterior pituitary C. Thyroid D. Adrenal cortex E. Adrenal medulla - CORRECT ANS- - C Cortisol A. Anterior pituitary B. Posterior pituitary C. Thyroid D. Adrenal cortex E. Adrenal medulla - CORRECT ANS- - D Oxytocin A. Anterior pituitary B. Posterior pituitary C. Thyroid D. Adrenal cortex E. Adrenal medulla - CORRECT ANS- - B Glycoproteins
A. Anterior pituitary B. Posterior pituitary C. Thyroid D. Adrenal cortex E. Adrenal medulla - CORRECT ANS- - A Epinephrine A. Anterior pituitary B. Posterior pituitary C. Thyroid D. Adrenal cortex E. Adrenal medulla - CORRECT ANS- - E What term is used to describe the capacity of some erythrocytes to vary in size, especially in relationship to some anemias? a. Poikilocytosis c. Anisocytosis b. Isocytosis d. Microcytosis - CORRECT ANS- - C Additional descriptors of erythrocytes associated with some anemias include anisocytosis (assuming various sizes) or poikilocytosis (assuming various shapes) (see Figure 28-1). The remaining terms are not associated with this condition.
which of the following describes how the body compensates for anemia? a. Increasing rate and depth of breathing b. Decreasing capillary vasoconstriction c. Hemoglobin holding more firmly onto oxygen d. Kidneys releasing more erythropoietin - CORRECT ANS- - A Tissue hypoxia creates additional demands and compensatory actions on the pulmonary and hematologic systems. The rate and depth of breathing increase in an attempt to increase the availability of oxygen. This selection is the only option that accurately describes the compensation mechanism in such anemias. Which of the following is classified as a megaloblastic anemia? a. Iron deficiency c. Sideroblastic b. Pernicious d. Hemolytic - CORRECT ANS- - B Pernicious anemia is the most common type of megaloblastic anemia. The remaining options are not classified as megaloblastic anemias. Deficiencies in folate and vitamin B12 alter the synthesis of which of the following?
a. RNA c. DNA b. Cell membrane d. Mitochondria - CORRECT ANS- - C Deficiencies in folate and vitamin B12 result in defective erythrocyte precursor DNA synthesis. These deficiencies are not associated with alterations of the other options he underlying disorder of which anemia is a result of the defective secretion of the intrinsic factor, which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12? a. Microcytic c. Hypochromic b. Pernicious d. Hemolytic - CORRECT ANS- - B Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, the most common type of megaloblastic anemia. After a person has a subtotal gastrectomy for chronic gastritis, which type of anemia will result? a.
