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Study guide for ASM 104 First Exam
This list is not comprehensive and is merely intended as a guide. Understanding these concepts in isolation is not the key, understanding the connections among the concepts are very important to your being successful on the exam. The review session dates are posted on Blackboard. We will not go through and define the entire list of terms listed below. We will address specific questions that you ask during the review session.
HISTORY OF EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT
The Great Chain of Being concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God The argument from design attributes the existence of order and direction in nature to some kind of purpose , thereby essentially proving the existence of God Charles Lyell
- Uniformitarianism- geological processes (wind, rain, erosion) that impacted the earth in the past are still working on the earth today
- But as a result of these processes, the landscape is constantly changing
- The earth is very old- calculated the age of the earth to be a billion years old Pre-Darwinian concepts of species the theory of uniformitarianism in geology promoted the idea that simple, weak forces could act continuously over long periods of time to produce radical changes in the Earth's landscape. evolutionists such as Jean Baptiste Lamarck suggested the inheritance of acquired characteristics as a mechanism for evolutionary change Uniformitarianism geological processes (wind, rain, erosion) that impacted the earth in the past are still working on the earth today Catastrophism is the idea that Earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope. The opposite of Uniformitarianism and the Geologic Time Scale Georges Cuvier The father of comparative anatomy, was another great influence on Darwin. Cuvier was among the first to examine dinosaur fossils, and establish that animals in the far distant past were different from today. He postulated that some factors of change must be at work in a kind of modification, or evolution, of species Carolus Linnaeus Binomial nomenclature- way of classifying organisms James Ussher He was a prolific scholar, who most famously published a chronology that purported to establish the time and date of the creation as the night preceding Sunday, 23 October 4004 BC, according to the proleptic Julian calendar. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Phenotype physical description of the trait Gregor Mendel
- Mendel studies pea plants
- He chose 7 different traits
- He crossed various traits- different combinations DNA
- 2 chains of nucleotides (sugar + phosphate + base)
- Bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
- Base-pair specifity (referring to the fact that the bases will bond to each other in a very specific pattern) / Replication Chromosomes sequence of genes; we have 46 chromosomes (this number is specific to humans o Arranged in 23 homologous pairs o Autosomes carry the genetic information on physical characteristics. You have 44 of those o Sex chromosomes determine your sex. You have 2 of those Genes sequence of DNA that is responsible for some function Alleles an allele is an alternate form of a gene Locus location of a gene or an allele on a chromosome RNA A polymeric constituent of all living cells and many viruses, consisting of a long, usually single- stranded chain of alternating phosphate. Codon Translation starts with a chain initiation codon (start codon ) 64 Dominance one that is expressed in the presence of another different allele Recessiveness not expressed in the presence of another different allele Codominance refers to a relationship between two alleles of a gene. It occurs when both of the contributions of both alleles are visible and do not over power each other in the phenotype.
Punnett Square-interpretation : an n × n square used in genetics to calculate the frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes among the offspring of a cross Gametes sex cells which are involved in reproduction Somatic cells cells that make up the body tissues Meiosis leads to sex cells
- Recombination- the exchange of genetic material between homologous pairs of chromosomes, increasing variation
- The end result is 4 daughter cells, not identical to each other or original, have the haploid number (23 chromosomes), gamete development Mitosis cell division of the somatic cells
- 2 daughter cell that are identical each other and to the original
- Diploid- referring that it has all chromosomes
- Constantly occurs in our body for growth, development, tissue, repair, body maintenance DNA replication is a biological process that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA; it is the basis for biological inheritance Law of Segregation Genes occur in pairs in an individual. In the production of sex cells, the pair of genes is separated. Each sex cell has one gene of that pair. Law of Independent Assortment genes that code for different traits sort independently of each other Homozygous 2 copies of the same allele Ex: TT Heterozygous different alleles present Ex: Tt Mutation The only way for introducing new alleles into a new species Protein synthesis DNA transcription or translation
Genetic drift Random change in allele frequencies over time Gene flow Exchange of alleles between two populations (admixture of populations) It can introduce new alleles into a population/ change frequency of existing alleles Founder effect large population that is suddenly and drastically reduced in size Ex: tsunami when the population rebounds the variation decreases Bottleneck large population that is suddenly and drastically reduced in size Ex: tsunami when the population rebounds the variation decrease Microevolution small scale adaptive changes in a population. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium The condition describing a non-evolving population (one that is in genetic equilibrium). Macroevolution compounded change, long period of time, can develop new species. Large scare changes at or above the species level. Species Concepts Anagenesis also known as "phyletic change," is the evolution of species involving an entire population rather than a branching event Cladogenesis evolutionary splitting event in a species in which each branch and its smaller branches forms a "clade”. Cladogenesis is often contrasted with anagenesis, in which gradual changes in an ancestral species lead to its eventual "replacement" by a novel form
Sample Test Questions
These are examples of the types of questions that you might have on your test. You will enter the appropriate letter for every question on the answer sheet.
- The reproductive success of females is limited by their access to males. A) True B) False
- Genetic drift is A) the random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next. B) the exchange of alleles between two populations. C) the gentic makeup of an organism. D) the name of Darwin’s ship. E) none of the above.
- What accounts for the variation in the skeletons of different people? A) Sexual dimorphism B) Genetic variation C) Population variation D) Ontogeny (growth) E) All of the above Match the letter that defines the terms in numbers: 4.Meiosis A) a mistake in a codon
- Mitosis B) the making of gametes
- Locus C) a site a gene resides on a chromosome
- Mutation D) Duplication of somatic cells
- The term “reproductive fitness” refers to: A) being athletic enough to reproduce. B) being able to mate with multiple individuals. C) being able to pass your genes on to offspring. D) all of the above. E) none of the above. EXTRA CREDIT!!!!
- Who does Mendel look like according to Dr. Reed? A) Han Solo (Star Wars) B) Radar O’Reilly (Mash) C) Captain Jack Sparrow (Pirates of the Carribbean) D) Legolas (Lord of the Rings) E) Margaret Thatcher (real person, Prime Minister of England)
