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EXERCISE (3g BREATEHOLDIN ee e? if INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES 1 Determine how long a student can hold his/her breath. 7] Compare the breath-holding times at different lung volumes and capacities. MATERIALS Stop watch or timer Hyperventilation refers to fast, deep breathing while hypoventilation refers to slow or shallow breathing. These conditions can dramatically change the levels of carbonic acid in the blood. Carbonic acid greatly increases during hypoventilation and decreases substantially during hyperventilation. In both situations, the buffering ability of the blood is likely to be affected, resulting in acidosis or alkalosis. Hyperventilation which is often brought about by anxiety attacks may lead to brief periods of apnea or cessation of breathing. This could result in the build-up of cubon dioxide in the blood. If breathing stops for an extended time, cyanosis due to insufficient oxygen in the blood may occur. A hyperventilating person may experience ‘aziness and may faint as a result of alkalosis which constricts cerebral blood Vessels. This could be prevented by having the hyperventilating individual breathe to 4 paper bag. Exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide than atmospheric air, ‘it upsets the normal condition gradient that causes carbon dioxide to be unloaded 359 
