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Experimental Psychology - Exam 1, Exams of Psychology

University of KentPsychology

A list of questions and answers related to empirical and non-empirical methods, basic goals of science, research techniques, and causation. It also includes a list of pros and cons of using the experimental approach to research, and different types of surveys and their concerns. The document can be useful as study notes or summary for students of psychology or related fields.

Typology: Exams

2022/2023

Available from 02/07/2024

EmmaMoss
EmmaMoss 🇬🇧

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Experimental Psychology - Exam 1
1. What are empirical methods?
Methods based on personal experience.
2. Non-empirical methods?
Methods not based on personal experience.
3. What are five basic empirical methods?
1. Intuition
2. Common Sense
3. Mysticism
4. Tenacity
5. Science.
4. What are two basic non-empirical methods?
1.Authority
2.Rationalism.
5. What is intuition?
The spontaneous, "instinctive", process, such as insight without awareness.
6. What is common sense?
. A dependence on informal methods
7. What is mysticism?
Direct insight often associated with altered states of consciousness.
8. What is Tenacity?
Persistence of superstition and habit.
9. What is Science?
Knowledge, comprehension, or understanding knowledge coordinated, arranged,
systematized; hence the knowledge of any one department of mind of matter
coordinated, arranged systematized.
10.What is the non-empirical method of authority?
Acquiring knowledge by accepting what some "authority" figure states to be true.
11.What is rationalism (Logic)?
Acquiring knowledge by using the process of reasoning --logically thinking a
problem through.
12.Name 7 characteristics of Science.
1. Empiracle
2. Objective
3. Self-Correcting
4. Progressive
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  1. What are empirical methods? Methods based on personal experience.
  2. Non-empirical methods? Methods not based on personal experience.
  3. What are five basic empirical methods?
  4. Intuition
  5. Common Sense
  6. Mysticism
  7. Tenacity
  8. Science.
  9. What are two basic non-empirical methods? 1.Authority 2.Rationalism.
  10. What is intuition? The spontaneous, "instinctive", process, such as insight without awareness.
  11. What is common sense? . A dependence on informal methods
  12. What is mysticism? Direct insight often associated with altered states of consciousness.
  13. What is Tenacity? Persistence of superstition and habit.
  14. What is Science? Knowledge, comprehension, or understanding knowledge coordinated, arranged, systematized; hence the knowledge of any one department of mind of matter coordinated, arranged systematized.
  15. What is the non-empirical method of authority? Acquiring knowledge by accepting what some "authority" figure states to be true.
  16. What is rationalism (Logic)? Acquiring knowledge by using the process of reasoning --logically thinking a problem through.
  17. Name 7 characteristics of Science.
  18. Empiracle
  19. Objective
  20. Self-Correcting
  21. Progressive
  1. Tentative
  2. Parsimonious
  3. Concerned With Theory.
  4. Name the 4 basic goals of science? 1.Describe 2.Explain 3.Predict 4.Control
  5. List the 5 step approach? S1. Identify the Problem S2. Design an Experiment S3. Conduct the Experiment S4. Test the hypothesis S5. Communicate the Results
  6. What is applied research? Research conducted to fix practical issues with a potential solution.
  7. What is basic research? Research that tries to answer fundamental questions about the nature of behavior.
  8. What is research? A descriptive analysis; the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
  9. What is an experiment? Manipulation of variables; a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
  10. Name 7 places research ideas can come from?
  11. Public Observation
  12. Self Observation
  13. Secondary Observation (friend)
  14. Theories
  15. Observation of groups of interest.
  16. Observation of species of interest.
  17. Past Research
  18. Name the 8 main reasons (phobias) that one may be intimidated by doing research?
  19. Geniephobia (Fear that you have to be a genius to conduct research.)
  20. Imitatophobia (Fear of imitating the work of other researchers.)
  21. Paraphernaliophobia (fear of research apparatus.)
  1. To adhere with informed consent during research, what factors should a potential participant be briefed on before making their decision of whether or not to participate?
    • The purpose of the study -Risks and benefits of participation and the right to refuse or terminate participation at anytime.
  2. What is debriefing? Explanation of the purpose of the research that is given to participants following their participation in research.
  3. What opportunity does debriefing provide to the participant? It provides the opportunity for the participant to withdraw their data from the study.
  4. What is role playing? An alternative to deception that occurs when the experimenter describes a situation to the participant and then asks them how they, or how other people, would react to the situation.
  5. What is a simulation? An alternative to deception that occurs when participants are placed into a controlled situation, resembling a real one. For example, the Stanford Prison Experiment.
  6. What is an operational definition? The definition of a concept that specifies the method used to measure or manipulate the concept.
  7. What is a hypothesis? An assertion about what is true in a particular situation; often, a statement asserting that two or more variables are related to one another.
  8. What is a formal hypothesis? Statements suggesting that the independent variable (IV) will produce a change in the dependent variable (DV)?
  9. What is an informal hypothesis? Statement suggesting a specific relationship between the Independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV).
  10. What is a pro to using the correlational approach to research? It is the non-manipulative approach.
  11. What are some cons to using the correlational approach to research? -A casual statement cannot be made.

-The direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable cannot be determined. -There is a third factor influence

  1. What are some pros to using the experimental approach to research? -Causation can be established -Ambiguity is reduced in results.
  2. What is a con to using the experimental approach to research? It has the probability of becoming an extremely time consuming process.
  3. What is causation? One event (the cause) that generates another event (the effect)
  4. What is meant by a "necessary cause?" A certain condition must be present in order for the effect to occur.
  5. What is meant by a "sufficient cause?" A certain condition will always produce the effect.
  6. How do you know when you've identified necessary and/or sufficient cause? When other possible explanations have been ruled out.
  7. What did John Stuart Mill do to influence our ability to detect a cause-effect relationship? Set forth canons that can be used to experimentally identify casualty.
  8. What might Karl Popper say about demonstrating causation? Casualty can never really be demonstrated because a hypothesis can never be proven, only falsified.
  9. What is Construct Validity concerned with? Whether the methods of studying variables are accurate.
  10. What does Internal Validity refer to? The accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect.
  11. What does External Validity concern? Whether the findings of a study can be generalized to other settings as well.
  12. What does causation refer to? A condition where one event (the cause) generates another event (the effect).
  13. What is an independent variable? The variable manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine its effect on behavior.
  1. What is are some cons to the longitudinal study? It is time consuming and mortality may occur.
  2. What is a Cross-Sectional Study? When the researcher studies different groups (cohorts) of respondents that represent the different time periods of interest.
  3. What is a pro to the cross-sectional? It takes less time; It allows the researcher to view differences among different groups simultaneously.
  4. What is a con to the cross-sectional study? It may not be accurate.
  5. What is a survey? When the researcher collects standardized information by interviewing the respondents.
  6. What is a participant observation? The systematic observation and recording of naturally occurring events, however, the researcher becomes an active participant; the researcher is not concealed.
  7. What is a meta-analysis? The researcher integrates and describes the results from a large number of studies
  8. What are the 5 issues to be concerned with when conducting a survey?
  9. Purpose of the Study
  10. Types of questions.
  11. nature of the questions.
  12. Sampling Techniques
  13. Response Rates
  14. What are the four basic modes for administering a research survey?
  15. Face-to-Face
  16. Written Responses
  17. Computerized
  18. Telephone
  19. What are the three types of written response?
  20. Group Testing
  21. Drop-Off
  22. Mail-In
  23. What is the Face-to-Response rate?
  1. What is the Mail-in response rate? It ranges from 10-50%.
  2. What is the response rate of a magazine mail -in? 1-2%
  3. What is the response rate of a telephone survey? 80%
  4. When does a confounding occur? When the researcher fails to control some extraneous variable. When a variable other than the manipulated (independent) variable has been allowed to exert a differential effect on the outcome conditions (dependent variable).
  5. What are some bad research designs?
  6. One-Group, After Only Design.
  7. One-Group, Before-After Design
  8. Non-Equivalent Post-Test Only Design.
  9. What is a One-Group, After Only Design? A bad research design in which a single group of subjects are measured on a dependent variable after having undergone some experimental treatment (the independent variable)
  10. What is a One-Group, Before-After Design? A bad research design in which a single group of subjects are measures on a dependent variable both before and after having undergone some experimental treatment (the independent variable).
  11. What is a Non-Equivalent Post-Test Only Design? A bad research design in which one group of subjects is measures on a dependent variable after having undergone exposure to some treatment (the independent variable) while another group is measured after no exposure to the treatment.
  12. What does control refer to? Any means used to rule out possible threats to the internal validity of a research project.
  13. What is the first meaning of control? providing a standard against which one can compare the effects of a particular independent variable.
  14. What is the second meaning of control?