AQA Physics Unit 5: Forces - Understanding Vectors, Scalars, and Calculating Forces, Lecture notes of Physics

An in-depth exploration of various physics concepts related to forces, including the difference between vector and scalar quantities, mass and weight, and calculating forces using equations. Students will learn about contact and non-contact forces, elastic and inelastic deformation, and the effect of friction on moving objects. They will also gain practical experience by calculating weights on different planets and determining the forces acting on objects.

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AQA Physics Combined Science Unit 5: Forces Higher
Explain the difference between a vector and a scalar quantity.
Place a tick in the correct column to show whether the following
are vector or scalar quantities.
a
1
Quantity Vector Scalar
Force
Speed
Distance
Velocity
Displacement
Forces can be contact or non-contact. Provide two examples for
each one.
Contact:
Non-contact:
b
Explain the difference between mass and weight.
Mass:
Weight:
Unit of mass:
Unit of weight:
Name the apparatus used to determine an objects weight.
c
State the equation that can be used to determine the weight of
an object.
Calculate the weight of an object on the moon if its mass is 3kg.
The gravitational field strength on the moon is 1.6N/kg.
Explain the effect on an object’s weight if its mass was doubled.
d
Calculate the resultant forces acting on the van below.
Horizontal force:
Vertical force:
On a force diagram, what two things do the arrows show?
e
Complete the sentences below.
Elastic deformation occurs when a force has been applied to a
spring and it to its original shape.
occurs when the spring does not return to its
original shape.
f
Students placed masses, one at a time, on a spring and measured
its extension. They collected the following results.
Plot a force/extension graph for the data shown above. Remember
to include a line of best fit.
Mark the limit of proportionality on your graph.
State the equation that links force, spring constant and extension.
g
Force (N) 012345
Length of
Spring (cm) 3 5 7 9 11 17
Extension (cm) 0 2 4 6 8 14
pf3
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AQA Physics Combined Science Unit 5: Forces Higher

Explain the difference between a vector and a scalar quantity.

Place a tick in the correct column to show whether the following

are vector or scalar quantities.

a Quantity Vector Scalar Force Speed Distance Velocity Displacement

Forces can be contact or non-contact. Provide two examples for

each one.

Contact:

Non-contact:

b

Explain the difference between mass and weight.

Mass:

Weight:

Unit of mass:

Unit of weight:

Name the apparatus used to determine an objects weight.

c

State the equation that can be used to determine the weight of

an object.

Calculate the weight of an object on the moon if its mass is 3kg.

The gravitational field strength on the moon is 1.6N/kg.

Explain the effect on an object’s weight if its mass was doubled.

d

Calculate the resultant forces acting on the van below.

Horizontal force:

Vertical force:

On a force diagram, what two things do the arrows show?

e

Complete the sentences below.

Elastic deformation occurs when a force has been applied to a

spring and it to its original shape.

occurs when the spring does not return to its

original shape.

f

Students placed masses, one at a time, on a spring and measured

its extension. They collected the following results.

Plot a force/extension graph for the data shown above. Remember

to include a line of best fit.

Mark the limit of proportionality on your graph.

State the equation that links force, spring constant and extension.

g Force (N) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Length of Spring (cm) 3 5 7 9 11 17 Extension (cm) 0 2 4 6 8 14

AQA Physics Combined Science Unit 5: Forces Higher Define work done. State the equation that links work done, force and distance. Write the units for… work done: force: distance: A lorry travels 200m when the brakes are applied with a force of 600N. Calculate the work done to stop the lorry. Calculate the force if 3000J of energy is required to move a box of books a distance of 150cm. a Draw lines to match the methods of transportation with their average speeds. car 1.5m/s walking 55m/s train 3m/s running 25m/s State three factors that could affect a person’s walking speed.

b Where on the graph is the person stationary? Between points A and E, where is the speed the fastest? Explain you answer. A car increases its velocity from 5m/s to 12m/s in a time of 10 seconds. Calculate its acceleration. Remember to include all units. c The graph below is a distance/ time graph of a person travelling from home to the supermarket and home again. Explain the term deceleration. A coach travels at an average speed of 30mph for 20 minutes. How far has it travelled in that time? d Stopping distance is calculated by adding thinking distance and braking distance. Thinking distance is affected by: s ; r t. Braking distance is affected by: t ; r conditions. e Let the mass of a car be 1500kg. One car is travelling at a speed of 20m/s and a second car is travelling at 15m/s. Calculate the forces exerted if they were to hit an object. f Describe an experiment to determine whether your reaction time is faster with your right or left hand. g Describe the effect of friction on a moving object. State two ways in which friction on a moving object can be overcome. h What is terminal velocity? Terminal velocity depends on two things: i Explain the term conservation of momentum. State the equation and the units used to calculate momentum. A car has a mass of 1500kg and a momentum of 7500kgm/s. Calculate its velocity. j State the equation that links force, mass and acceleration. Rearrange the equation you have given above to calculate acceleration. Calculate the force acting on an object with a mass of 15kg and acceleration of 4m/s2. Calculate the mass of an object, if it has a force of 2000N and its acceleration is 50m/s2. k When an object moves in a circular motion, explain what happens to its direction and velocity if its speed remains constant. l

AQA Physics Combined Science Unit 5: Forces Higher Answers Define work done. This occurs when a force moves an object for a distance. State the equation that links work done, force and distance. work done = force × distance Write the units for… work done: joules force: newtons distance: metres A lorry travels 200m when the brakes are applied with a force of 600N. Calculate the work done to stop the lorry. work done = force × distance = 600 × 200 = 120 000J Calculate the force if 3000J of energy is required to move a box of books a distance of 150cm. Convert cm to m: 150cm = 1.5m Rearrange formula: force = work done ÷ distance = 3000 ÷ 1. = 2000N a Draw lines to match the methods of transportation with their average speeds. car 1.5m/s walking 55m/s train 3m/s running 25m/s State three factors that could affect a person’s walking speed.

**1. age

  1. fitness
  2. terrain** b Where on the graph is the person stationary? B-C and D-E Between points A and E, where is the speed the fastest? Explain you answer. C-D because it is the steepest part of the graph. A car increases its velocity from 5m/s to 12m/s in a time of 10 seconds. Calculate its acceleration. Remember to include all units. acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time = (12 – 5) ÷ 10 = 7 ÷ 10 0.7m/s c The graph below is a distance/ time graph of a person travelling from home to the supermarket and home again. Explain the term deceleration. Negative acceleration, when something is slowing down. A coach travels at an average speed of 30mph for 20 minutes. How far has it travelled in that time? 10 miles d Stopping distance is calculated by adding thinking distance and braking distance. Thinking distance is affected by: s peed ; r eaction t ime. Braking distance is affected by: t yres ; r oad conditions. e Let the mass of a car be 1500kg. One car is travelling at a speed of 20m/s and a second car is travelling at 15m/s. Calculate the forces exerted if they were to hit an object. force = mass × acceleration 20 × 1500 15 × 1500 30 000N 22 500N f Describe an experiment to determine whether your reaction time is faster with your right or left hand. Work with a partner. Person A places their forearm on the table so that their right hand is hanging over the edge of the table. Person B places a ruler vertically between Person A’s thumb and first finger, with the 0cm end of the ruler pointing downwards. The thumb and first finger should be as far apart as possible. Person B should place the 0cm mark level with the top of Person A’s thumb and drop the ruler without telling them. Person A catches the ruler as quickly as possible. Reading from the top of the thumb, record how many cms it took to catch. Repeat 9 more times with the right hand. Repeat experiment with the left hand. g Describe the effect of friction on a moving object. It slows it down. State two ways in which friction on a moving object can be overcome. Using a lubricant. Make the object more streamlined. Smoother surfaces. h What is terminal velocity? When an object is falling at a steady speed. Terminal velocity depends on two things: shape area i Explain the term conservation of momentum. The momentum before an event is equal to the momentum after the event. State the equation and the units used to calculate momentum. momentum (kgm/s) = mass (kg) × velocity (m/s) A car has a mass of 1500kg and a momentum of 7500kgm/s. Calculate its velocity. Rearrange formula: 7500 ÷ 1500 = 5m/s j State the equation that links force, mass and acceleration. force = mass × acceleration Rearrange the equation you have given above to calculate acceleration. acceleration = force ÷ mass Calculate the force acting on an object with a mass of 15kg and acceleration of 4m/s2. F = ma 15 × 4 60N Calculate the mass of an object, if it has a force of 2000N and its acceleration is 50m/s2. mass = force ÷ acceleration = 2000 ÷ 50 = 40kg k When an object moves in a circular motion, explain what happens to its direction and velocity if its speed remains constant. Its direction and velocity will be continually changing. l